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Role and Responsibilities of School Health Nurses in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 193 - 198, 30.09.2021

Bahise Aydın Emine Ekici

Abstract

The COVID-19 infection spread around the world in a short time and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in early 2020. To control the epidemic, some decisions affecting all segments of the society have been implemented by governments; such as curfews and travel restrictions, community activity cancellations, working from home, distance education and limiting some health services other than emergencies in hospitals. One of the measures affecting children’s lives and families is the school closures. With the closure of schools, face-toface education of children has been interrupted, and families have faced difficulties in accessing education services due to schools with inadequate technological infrastructure and lacking sufficient technological equipment. Also, there have been problems in accessing school health services such as nutrition, vaccination, and maintenance of health monitoring and controls provided to children and families. In this process, it has been reported that domestic problems, especially violence cases, have increased with long-term home quarantines. Depending on the course of the pandemic, schools have been reopened partially or full-time in some countries. Certain regulations have been made for the reopening of schools in our country and a series of individual and institutional measures and practices have become a current issue for pandemic control. Since there are no school health nurses in our country, especially in public schools, teachers have undertaken the control of the pandemic in many schools. Nursing services, which have increased in importance all over the world during the pandemic, are also essential for the school community. School health nurses, who are professional health workers, have a key role in protecting and sustaining the health of the school community, which constitutes a significant portion of the country’s population. Although there are no school health nurses in every school in our country, the need for them has once again emerged in filling the gap between education and health in pandemic management. The purpose of this review is to present a holistic view of the roles and responsibilities of school health nurses at primary, secondary and tertiary protection levels in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords

School health nursing professional role child health pandemics COVID-19

References

  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. Pandemi. Yayın tarihi: 02.07.2020 Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021 Available from https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66494/ pandemi.html#:~:text=Bir%20hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%20 veya%20enfeksiyon%20etkeninin,DS%C3%96)%20taraf%C4%B1ndan%20 pandemi%20ilan%20edilmi%C5%9Ftir.
  • Güngör B. Türkiye’de COVID-19 pandemisi süresince alinan önlemlerin kriz yönetimi perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi. 2020;4: 818-851.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Uzaktan eğitim sürecinin detayları. Yayın tarihi: 18 Kasım 2020. Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021. Available from https://www.meb.gov.tr/uzaktan-egitim-surecinin-detaylari/haber/21990/tr.
  • Bayham J, Fenichel EP. Impact of school closures for COVID-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: A modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2020;5(5):e271-8.
  • Bayham J, Kuminoff NV, Gunn Q, Fenichel EP. Measured voluntary avoidance behaviour during the 2009 A/H1N1 epidemic. Proc Biol Sci. 2015;282(1818):20150814.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim 2019-2020. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2020. Available from http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_09/04144812_meb_ istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2019_2020.pdf
  • Bayık Temel A, Bahar Z, Ergün A, Kadıoğlu H, Erol S, Öncel S, et al. Okul Dönemindeki Çocukların Sağlığının Geliştirilmesi 2. Baskı. Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık; 2020. 446 p.
  • Masonbrink AR, Hurley E. Advocating for Children During the COVID-19 School Closures. Pediatrics. 2020;146(3):e20201440.
  • National Center for Education Statistics. Percentage of persons age 3 and over and ages 3 to 18 with no internet access at home and percentage distribution of those with no home access, by main reason for not having access and selected characteristics: 2010 and 2017. US Department of Commerce National Center of Education Statistics, 2020. Available from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_702.40.asp
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. İzleme ve değerlendirme raporu 2020 “Küresel salgın döneminde uzaktan eğitim” Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021 Available from https://bianet.org/system/uploads/1/files/attachments/000/003/297/ original/MEB_rapor.pdf?1613124134.
  • Lancker WV, Parolin Z. COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(5):e243-4.
  • Pereda N, Díaz-Faes DA. Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: A review of current perspectives and risk factors. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2020;14(40):1-7.
  • Luttik ML, Mahrer-Imhof R, Garcia-Vivar C, Brødsgaard A, Dieperink KB, Imhof L, Ostergaard B, Svavarsdottir EK, Konradsen H. The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Family Affair. J Fam Nurs. 2020;26(2):87-9.
  • Cluver L, Lachman JM, Sherr L, Wessels I, Krug E, Rakotomalala S, et al. Parenting in a time of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10231):e64.
  • Usher K, Bhullar N, Durkin J, Gyamfi N, Jackson D. Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2020;29(4):549-52.
  • Campbell AM. An increasing risk of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports. 2020;2(3):100089.
  • Bradbury-Jones C, Isham L. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence Editorial. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(13-14):2047-2049.
  • Douglas M, Katikireddi SV, Taulbut M, McKee M, McCartney G. Mitigating the wider health effects of COVID-19 pandemic response. BMJ. 2020;369:m1557.
  • Burgess S, Sievertsen HH. Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. Research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists Policy Portal, 2020. Available from https://voxeu.org/article/impact-COVID-19-education
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. Child Maltreatment 2017: Summary of Key Findings. 2019. [Updated 2020 June 12]. Available from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2017.pdf
  • Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):819-20.
  • McDonald CC. Reopening schools in the time of pandemic: Look to the school nurses. J Sch Nurs. 2020;36(4):239-40.
  • Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, Fang SF, Jiao FY, Pettoello-Mantovani M, et al. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. J Pediatr. 2020;221:264-6.e1.
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20.
  • Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):347-9.
  • Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):945-7.
  • Bektaş M, Aydın B. Okul hemşiresinin rol ve işlevleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Nursing-Special Topics. 2018;4(1):52-64.
  • National Association of School Nurses. NASN position statement: role of the school nurse. NASN Sch Nurse. 2012; 27(2):103-4.
  • Bahar Z. Okul sağlığı hemşireliği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi. 2010;3(4):195-200.
  • Hoke AM, Keller CM, Calo WA, Sekhar DL, Lehman EB, Kraschnewski JL. School nurse perspectives on COVID-19. The Journal of School Nursing. 2021. Feb 8:1059840521992054.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School Nurses and Health Professionals. [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [updated 2021 Feb 5; cited 2020 Nov 21] Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/school-nurseshcp. html#print
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. COVID-19 Planning Considerations: Guidance for School Re-entry 2020 [updated 2021 May 01; cited 2020 Aug 8]. Available from: https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019- novel-coronavirus-COVID-19-infections/clinical-guidance/COVID-19- planning-considerations-return-to-in-person-education-in-schools/
  • TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARSCoV- 2 Enfeksiyonu) Rehberi (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması) Enfeksiyon kontrolü ve İzolasyon. 2020. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2020. Available from: https://hastane.deu.edu.tr/images/hastanemizden-haberler/corona/COVID-19_Rehberi_25.03.2020.pdf
  • Maughan ED, Bergren MD. School nursing data collection during COVID-19. NASN Sch Nurse. 2020;35(6):319-20.
  • Rosário R. COVID-19 and Schools Closure: Implications for school nurses. J Sch Nurs. 2020;36(4):241-2.
  • Bullard JS, McAlister BS, Chilton JM. COVID-19: Planning and Postpandemic Partnerships. NASN School Nurse. 2021;36(2):80-84.

COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 193 - 198, 30.09.2021

Bahise Aydın Emine Ekici

Abstract

COVID-19 enfeksiyonu, dünyayı kısa süre içerisinde etkisi altına almış ve 2020 yılının başında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Salgının kontrol altına alınması amacıyla hükümetler tarafından sokağa çıkma ve seyahat kısıtlamaları, topluluk halinde yapılan etkinliklerin iptal edilmesi, evden çalışma, uzaktan eğitim ve hastanelerde acil dışındaki diğer sağlık hizmetlerinin sınırlandırılması gibi toplumun her kesimini etkileyen kararlar uygulanmıştır. Çocukların ve ailelerin yaşamını etkileyen önlemlerden bir tanesi, okulların kapatılmasıdır. Okulların kapanması ile çocukların yüz yüze eğitimi kesintiye uğramış, teknolojik alt yapısı yetersiz olan okullarda okuyan ve yeterli teknolojik ekipmanı olmayan aileler, eğitim hizmetine erişimde güçlük yaşamışlardır. Ayrıca çocuk ve ailelere verilen sağlıklı beslenme, aşılama, sağlık izlem ve kontrollerinin sürdürülmesi gibi okul sağlığı hizmetlerine erişimde aksaklıklar meydana gelmiştir. Bu süreçte uzun süreli ev karantinaları ile başta şiddet vakaları olmak üzere, aile içi sorunlarda artış olduğu bildirilmiştir. Pandeminin seyrine göre bazı ülkelerde okullar, kısmi veya tam zamanlı olarak yeniden açılmıştır. Ülkemizde de okulların yeniden açılması konusunda belirli düzenlemeler yapılmış ve pandemi kontrolüne yönelik bireysel ve kurumsal bir dizi önlem ve uygulama gündeme gelmiştir. Ülkemizde özellikle devlet okullarında görevli okul sağlığı hemşiresi bulunmadığından çoğu okulda pandemi kontrolünü öğretmenler üstlenmişlerdir. Pandemi döneminde tüm dünyada önemi artan hemşirelik hizmetleri okul toplumu için de vazgeçilmezdir. Profesyonel bir sağlık çalışanı olan okul sağlığı hemşireleri, ülke nüfusunun önemli bir bölümünü oluşturan okul toplumunun sağlığının korunması ve sürdürülmesinde anahtar role sahiptir. Ülkemizde her okulda okul sağlığı hemşiresi bulunmasa da, pandemi yönetiminde eğitim ve sağlık arasındaki boşluğun doldurulmasında onlara olan gereksinim bir kez daha ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı, COVID-19 pandemisinde okul sağlığı hemşirelerinin birincil, ikincil ve üçüncül koruma düzeylerinde rol ve sorumluluklarını bütüncül bir bakışla sunmaktır.

Keywords

profesyonel rol çocuk sağlığı pandemi COVİD-19 Okul sağlığı hemşireliği

References

  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. Pandemi. Yayın tarihi: 02.07.2020 Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021 Available from https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66494/ pandemi.html#:~:text=Bir%20hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%20 veya%20enfeksiyon%20etkeninin,DS%C3%96)%20taraf%C4%B1ndan%20 pandemi%20ilan%20edilmi%C5%9Ftir.
  • Güngör B. Türkiye’de COVID-19 pandemisi süresince alinan önlemlerin kriz yönetimi perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi. 2020;4: 818-851.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Uzaktan eğitim sürecinin detayları. Yayın tarihi: 18 Kasım 2020. Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021. Available from https://www.meb.gov.tr/uzaktan-egitim-surecinin-detaylari/haber/21990/tr.
  • Bayham J, Fenichel EP. Impact of school closures for COVID-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: A modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2020;5(5):e271-8.
  • Bayham J, Kuminoff NV, Gunn Q, Fenichel EP. Measured voluntary avoidance behaviour during the 2009 A/H1N1 epidemic. Proc Biol Sci. 2015;282(1818):20150814.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim 2019-2020. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2020. Available from http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_09/04144812_meb_ istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2019_2020.pdf
  • Bayık Temel A, Bahar Z, Ergün A, Kadıoğlu H, Erol S, Öncel S, et al. Okul Dönemindeki Çocukların Sağlığının Geliştirilmesi 2. Baskı. Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık; 2020. 446 p.
  • Masonbrink AR, Hurley E. Advocating for Children During the COVID-19 School Closures. Pediatrics. 2020;146(3):e20201440.
  • National Center for Education Statistics. Percentage of persons age 3 and over and ages 3 to 18 with no internet access at home and percentage distribution of those with no home access, by main reason for not having access and selected characteristics: 2010 and 2017. US Department of Commerce National Center of Education Statistics, 2020. Available from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_702.40.asp
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. İzleme ve değerlendirme raporu 2020 “Küresel salgın döneminde uzaktan eğitim” Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021 Available from https://bianet.org/system/uploads/1/files/attachments/000/003/297/ original/MEB_rapor.pdf?1613124134.
  • Lancker WV, Parolin Z. COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(5):e243-4.
  • Pereda N, Díaz-Faes DA. Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: A review of current perspectives and risk factors. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2020;14(40):1-7.
  • Luttik ML, Mahrer-Imhof R, Garcia-Vivar C, Brødsgaard A, Dieperink KB, Imhof L, Ostergaard B, Svavarsdottir EK, Konradsen H. The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Family Affair. J Fam Nurs. 2020;26(2):87-9.
  • Cluver L, Lachman JM, Sherr L, Wessels I, Krug E, Rakotomalala S, et al. Parenting in a time of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10231):e64.
  • Usher K, Bhullar N, Durkin J, Gyamfi N, Jackson D. Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2020;29(4):549-52.
  • Campbell AM. An increasing risk of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports. 2020;2(3):100089.
  • Bradbury-Jones C, Isham L. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence Editorial. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(13-14):2047-2049.
  • Douglas M, Katikireddi SV, Taulbut M, McKee M, McCartney G. Mitigating the wider health effects of COVID-19 pandemic response. BMJ. 2020;369:m1557.
  • Burgess S, Sievertsen HH. Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. Research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists Policy Portal, 2020. Available from https://voxeu.org/article/impact-COVID-19-education
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. Child Maltreatment 2017: Summary of Key Findings. 2019. [Updated 2020 June 12]. Available from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2017.pdf
  • Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):819-20.
  • McDonald CC. Reopening schools in the time of pandemic: Look to the school nurses. J Sch Nurs. 2020;36(4):239-40.
  • Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, Fang SF, Jiao FY, Pettoello-Mantovani M, et al. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. J Pediatr. 2020;221:264-6.e1.
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20.
  • Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):347-9.
  • Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):945-7.
  • Bektaş M, Aydın B. Okul hemşiresinin rol ve işlevleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Nursing-Special Topics. 2018;4(1):52-64.
  • National Association of School Nurses. NASN position statement: role of the school nurse. NASN Sch Nurse. 2012; 27(2):103-4.
  • Bahar Z. Okul sağlığı hemşireliği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi. 2010;3(4):195-200.
  • Hoke AM, Keller CM, Calo WA, Sekhar DL, Lehman EB, Kraschnewski JL. School nurse perspectives on COVID-19. The Journal of School Nursing. 2021. Feb 8:1059840521992054.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School Nurses and Health Professionals. [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [updated 2021 Feb 5; cited 2020 Nov 21] Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/school-nurseshcp. html#print
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. COVID-19 Planning Considerations: Guidance for School Re-entry 2020 [updated 2021 May 01; cited 2020 Aug 8]. Available from: https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019- novel-coronavirus-COVID-19-infections/clinical-guidance/COVID-19- planning-considerations-return-to-in-person-education-in-schools/
  • TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARSCoV- 2 Enfeksiyonu) Rehberi (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması) Enfeksiyon kontrolü ve İzolasyon. 2020. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2020. Available from: https://hastane.deu.edu.tr/images/hastanemizden-haberler/corona/COVID-19_Rehberi_25.03.2020.pdf
  • Maughan ED, Bergren MD. School nursing data collection during COVID-19. NASN Sch Nurse. 2020;35(6):319-20.
  • Rosário R. COVID-19 and Schools Closure: Implications for school nurses. J Sch Nurs. 2020;36(4):241-2.
  • Bullard JS, McAlister BS, Chilton JM. COVID-19: Planning and Postpandemic Partnerships. NASN School Nurse. 2021;36(2):80-84.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Bahise Aydın 0000-0001-9815-2843

Emine Ekici

Publication Date September 30, 2021
Submission Date December 28, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aydın, B., & Ekici, E. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 193-198.
AMA Aydın B, Ekici E. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları. İKÇÜSBFD. September 2021;6(3):193-198.
Chicago Aydın, Bahise, and Emine Ekici. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol Ve Sorumlulukları”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 3 (September 2021): 193-98.
EndNote Aydın B, Ekici E (September 1, 2021) COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 6 3 193–198.
IEEE B. Aydın and E. Ekici, “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları”, İKÇÜSBFD, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 193–198, 2021.
ISNAD Aydın, Bahise - Ekici, Emine. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol Ve Sorumlulukları”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 6/3 (September 2021), 193-198.
JAMA Aydın B, Ekici E. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları. İKÇÜSBFD. 2021;6:193–198.
MLA Aydın, Bahise and Emine Ekici. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol Ve Sorumlulukları”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 3, 2021, pp. 193-8.
Vancouver Aydın B, Ekici E. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Okul Sağlığı Hemşirelerinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları. İKÇÜSBFD. 2021;6(3):193-8.
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