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Gestasyonel Diyabetes Mellitus Yönetimi: Öz-etkililik ve Perinatal Sonuçlar

Year 2015, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 209 - 215, 01.12.2015

Emine Gerçek Hakan Şen

https://doi.org/10.4274/jcp.44366

Abstract

Bu derlemenin amacı gestasyonel diyabetin yönetiminde öz-etkililiğin perinatal sonuçlar üzerindeki etkisi hakkında bilgi vermektir. Gestasyonel diyabetes mellitus GDM anne ve fetüs/yenidoğan sağlığı açısından potansiyel olumsuz sonuçları nedeniyle önemli bir sağlık problemidir. GDM’nin tedavisi ve yakın monitörizasyon gebe kadın ve bebeğinin uzun dönem sağlığı için önemlidir. Dahası gebelikte maternal metabolik kontrol, kadınlarda tip II diyabet gelişme riskinin geciktirmenin yanısıra çocuklarda da obezite ve tip II diyabet gelişme riskini geciktirmektedir. GDM’li kadınlarda öz-etkililik ve sağlık davranışlarını benimseme konusunda birkaç çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, kilo kaybı, egzersiz, diyet ve kendi kendine kan glukozu kontrolü gibi sağlığı geliştirme davranışlarının diyabet gelişme riskini azalttığını gösteren güçlü kanıtlar vardır. Gestasyonel diyabetli kadınlarda diyabetin erken tanısı ve önlenmesinde yaşam biçimi değişiklikleri kilo kaybı, egzersiz, diyet vb. , hekim izlemi ve postpartum glukoz taraması gereklidir

Keywords

Gestasyonel diyabet öz-etkililik perinatal sonuçlar

References

  • 1. Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1749-56.
  • 2. American Diabetes Association: Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27:588-90.
  • 3. Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: A public health perspective. Diabetes Care 2007;30(Suppl 2):141-6.
  • 4. American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus (position statement) Diabetes Care 2009;27:88-90.
  • 5. Cheung NW, Byth K. Population health significance of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2005-9.
  • 6. Erem C, Cihanyurdu N, Deger O, Karahan C, Can G, Telatar M. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in northeastern Turkey (Trabzon city). Eur J Epidemiol 2003;18:39-43.
  • 7. Akış N, Pala K, Seçkin RÇ. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Uludağ Med J 2008;34:93-6.
  • 8. Batukan C, Gürel C, Özgün MT, Başbuğ M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes among pregnant women attending Erciyes University Medical Faculty. Erciyes Med J 2009;31:323-30.
  • 9. Akbay E, Torun S İ, Yalçınkaya H, Uzunçakmak C, Toklucu G. Prevalence of gestational diabetes among pregnant women attending in MD Sadi Konuk training and research hospital. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst 2010;20:170-5.
  • 10. Turgut A, Boran SÜ, Dolgun ZN, Acıoğlu H, Görük NY. The frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus in a maternity hospital antepartum clinic. Dicle Med J 2011;38:325-28.
  • 11. Özyurt R, Aşıcıoğlu O, Gültekin T, Güngördük T, Boran B. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women who were admitted to İstanbul Teaching and Research Hospital Obstetric and Gynecology Department. JOPP Derg 2013;5:7- 12.
  • 12. Moses RG, Barker M, Winter M, Petozc P, Brand-Miller JC. Can a low-glycemic index diet reduce the need for insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32:996-1000.
  • 13. Fletcher B, Gulanick M, Lamendola C. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2002;16:17-23.
  • 14. Bandura A. Self-efficacy. Encyclopedia of Human. Behavior 1994;4:71-81.
  • 15. Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and health belief model. Health Educ Q 1988;11:403-18.
  • 16. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav 2004;31:143-64.
  • 17. Lee AJ, Hiscock RJ, Wein P, Walker SP, Permezel M. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Clinical predictors and long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study using survival analysis. Diabetes Care 2007;30:878-83.
  • 18. Reece EA, Leguizamon G, Wiznitzer A. Gestational diabetes: The need for a common ground. Lancet 2009;373:1789-97.
  • 19. Bauman A, Sallis J, Dzewaltowski DA, Owen N. Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: The role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(Suppl 2):5-14.
  • 20. Delhanty LM, Conroy MB, Nathan DM: Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Psychological predictors of physical activity in the diabetes prevention program. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:698-705.
  • 21. American Diabetes Association. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 2003;26:51- 61.
  • 22. Smith BJ, Cheung NW, Bauman AE, Zehle K, McLean M. Postpartum physical activity and related psychosocial factors among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2650-54.
  • 23. Kim C, McEwen LN, Piette JD, Goewey J, Ferrara A, Walker EA. Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2281-6.
  • 24. England LJ, Dietz PM, Njoroge T, Callaghan WM, Bruce C, Buus RM, et al. Preventing type 2 diabetes: Public health implications for women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:365.
  • 25. Baker A, Brody S, Salisbury K, Schectman R, Hartmann K. Postpartum glucose tolerance screening in women with gestational diabetes in the state of North Carolina. N C Med J 2009;70:14-9.
  • 26. Amason JS. The Effect of an Educational Intervention in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Pilot Study Georgia State University (Doctoral Dissertation). Atlant; 2013.
  • 27. Kim C, McEwen LN, Kieffer EC, Herman WH, Piette JD. Selfefficacy, social support, and associations with physical activity and body mass index among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educ 2008;34:719-28.
  • 28. Koh D, Miller YD, Marshall AL, Brown WJ, McIntyre D. Health enhancing physical activity behaviour and related factors in postpartum women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. J Sci Med Sport 2010;13:42-5.
  • 29. Homko CJ, Sivan E, Reece EA. The impact of self-monitoring of blood glucose on self-efficacy and pregnancy outcomes in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2002;28:435-43.
  • 30. Kim H, Kim S. Effects of an integrated self-management program on self-management, glycemic control, and maternal identity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43:69-80.
  • 31. Homko CJ, Santamore WP, Whiteman V, Bower M, Berger P, Geifman-Holtzman O, et al. Use of an internet-based telemedicine system to manage underserved women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007;9:297-306.
  • 32. Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, de Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30:251-60.
  • 33. Pridjian G, Benjamin TD. Update on gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2010;37:255-67.
  • 34. Hawkins JS, Casey BM, Lo JY, Moss K, Mc Intire DD, Leveno KJ. Weekly compared with daily blood glucose monitoring in women with diet-treated gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:1307-12.
  • 35. Symons Downs D, Ulbrecht JS. Understanding exercise beliefs and behaviors in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2006;29:236-40.
  • 36. Catalano PM, Kirwan JP, Haugel-de Mouzon S, King J. Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: Role in short and longterm implications for mother and fetus. J Nutr 2003;133(Suppl 2):1674-83.
  • 37. MacNeill S, Dodds L, Hamilton DC, Armson BA, VandenHof M. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001;24:659-62.
  • 38. Dodd JM, Grivell RM, Nguyen A-M, Chan A, Robinson JS. Maternal and perinatal health outcomes by body mass index category. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2011;51:136-40.
  • 39. Galtier-Dereure F, Boegner C, Bringer J. Obesity and pregnancy: Complications and cost. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(Suppl 5):1242- 8.
  • 40. Boulet S, Alexander GR, Salihu HM, Pass M. Macrosomic births in the united states: Determinants, outcomes, and proposed grades of risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1372-8.
  • 41. Tyrala EE. The infant of the diabetic mother. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1996;23:221-41.
  • 42. Tanır HM, Sener T, Gürer H, Kaya M. A ten-year gestational diabetes mellitus cohort at a university clinic of the mid-Anatolian region of Turkey. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2005;32:241-4.
  • 43. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1991- 2002.
  • 44. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM, Reed GF, Metzger BE, Mills JL, Knopp RH, et al. Maternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: The diabetes in early pregnancy study. The National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentDiabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:103-11.
  • 45. Uvena-Celebrezze J, Fung C, Thomas AJ, Hoty A, Huston-Presley L, Amini SB, et al. Relationship of neonatal body composition to maternal glucose control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonat Med 2002;12:396-401.
  • 46. Durnwald CP, Mele L, Spong CY, Ramin SM, Varner MW, Rouse DJ, et al. Glycemic characteristics and neonatal outcomes of women treated for mild gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:819-27.
  • 47. Schaefer-Graf UM, Kjos SL, Kilavuz O, Plagemann A, Brauer M, Dudenhausen JW, et al. Determinants of fetal growth at different periods of pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2003;26:193-8.
  • 48. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: Association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005;115:290-6.
  • 49. McLean M, Chipps D, Cheung NW. Mother to child transmission of diabetes mellitus: Does gestational diabetes program Type 2 diabetes in the next generation? Diabet Med 2006;23:1213-5.
  • 50. Schneiderman EH. Gestational diabetes: an overview of a growing health concern for women. J Infus Nurs 2010;33:48-54.
  • 51. Reece EA. The fetal and maternal consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:199-203.
  • 52. Tomić V, Petrović O, Crnčević Orlić Ž, Mandić V. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome - do we have right diagnostic criteria? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:854-9.
  • 53. Wang Z, Kanguru L, Hussein J, Fitzmaurice A, Ritchie K. Incidence of adverse outcomes associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in low- and middle-income countries. Int JGynecol Obstet 2013;121:14-9.
  • 54. Yogev Y, Metzger BE, Hod M. Establishing diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: Impact of the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;14:94-100.
  • 55. Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jensen DM, Lauenborg J, et al. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: The role of intrauterine hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2008;31:340-6.
  • 56. Kim C, McEwen LN, Piette JD, Goewey J, Ferrara A, Walker EA. Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2281-6.
  • 57. Kaiser B, Razurel C. Determinants of postpartum physical activity, dietary habits and weight loss after gestational diabetes mellitus. J Nurs Manag 2013;21:58-69.

Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes

Year 2015, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 209 - 215, 01.12.2015

Emine Gerçek Hakan Şen

https://doi.org/10.4274/jcp.44366

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to give knowledge about effects on perinatal outcomes of self-efficacy in management of gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes mellitus GDM is a significant health concern due to the potentially adverse outcomes for the mother and the fetus/infant. Close monitoring and treatment of GDM are important to the long-term health of a pregnant woman and her baby. More over, maternal metabolic control during pregnancy may positively impact women’s risk of later onset of type II diabetes and the risk of obesity and type II diabetes in their children. There are few studies which focus on selfefficacy and adoption of health behaviors in women with GDM; however, there is strong evidence demonstrating that health promotion behavior such as weight loss, exercise, healthy diet and self-monitoring blood glucose concentrations will decrease the risk of developing diabetes mellitus DM . In addition, lifestyle modifications e.g. weight loss, healthy diet, and exercise , compliance with physician appointments, and postpartum glucose screening are essential for early diagnosis and prevention of DM in women with GDM

Keywords

Gestational diabetes self-efficacy perinatal outcomes

References

  • 1. Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1749-56.
  • 2. American Diabetes Association: Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27:588-90.
  • 3. Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: A public health perspective. Diabetes Care 2007;30(Suppl 2):141-6.
  • 4. American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus (position statement) Diabetes Care 2009;27:88-90.
  • 5. Cheung NW, Byth K. Population health significance of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2005-9.
  • 6. Erem C, Cihanyurdu N, Deger O, Karahan C, Can G, Telatar M. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in northeastern Turkey (Trabzon city). Eur J Epidemiol 2003;18:39-43.
  • 7. Akış N, Pala K, Seçkin RÇ. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Uludağ Med J 2008;34:93-6.
  • 8. Batukan C, Gürel C, Özgün MT, Başbuğ M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes among pregnant women attending Erciyes University Medical Faculty. Erciyes Med J 2009;31:323-30.
  • 9. Akbay E, Torun S İ, Yalçınkaya H, Uzunçakmak C, Toklucu G. Prevalence of gestational diabetes among pregnant women attending in MD Sadi Konuk training and research hospital. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst 2010;20:170-5.
  • 10. Turgut A, Boran SÜ, Dolgun ZN, Acıoğlu H, Görük NY. The frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus in a maternity hospital antepartum clinic. Dicle Med J 2011;38:325-28.
  • 11. Özyurt R, Aşıcıoğlu O, Gültekin T, Güngördük T, Boran B. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women who were admitted to İstanbul Teaching and Research Hospital Obstetric and Gynecology Department. JOPP Derg 2013;5:7- 12.
  • 12. Moses RG, Barker M, Winter M, Petozc P, Brand-Miller JC. Can a low-glycemic index diet reduce the need for insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32:996-1000.
  • 13. Fletcher B, Gulanick M, Lamendola C. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2002;16:17-23.
  • 14. Bandura A. Self-efficacy. Encyclopedia of Human. Behavior 1994;4:71-81.
  • 15. Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and health belief model. Health Educ Q 1988;11:403-18.
  • 16. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav 2004;31:143-64.
  • 17. Lee AJ, Hiscock RJ, Wein P, Walker SP, Permezel M. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Clinical predictors and long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study using survival analysis. Diabetes Care 2007;30:878-83.
  • 18. Reece EA, Leguizamon G, Wiznitzer A. Gestational diabetes: The need for a common ground. Lancet 2009;373:1789-97.
  • 19. Bauman A, Sallis J, Dzewaltowski DA, Owen N. Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: The role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(Suppl 2):5-14.
  • 20. Delhanty LM, Conroy MB, Nathan DM: Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Psychological predictors of physical activity in the diabetes prevention program. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:698-705.
  • 21. American Diabetes Association. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 2003;26:51- 61.
  • 22. Smith BJ, Cheung NW, Bauman AE, Zehle K, McLean M. Postpartum physical activity and related psychosocial factors among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2650-54.
  • 23. Kim C, McEwen LN, Piette JD, Goewey J, Ferrara A, Walker EA. Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2281-6.
  • 24. England LJ, Dietz PM, Njoroge T, Callaghan WM, Bruce C, Buus RM, et al. Preventing type 2 diabetes: Public health implications for women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:365.
  • 25. Baker A, Brody S, Salisbury K, Schectman R, Hartmann K. Postpartum glucose tolerance screening in women with gestational diabetes in the state of North Carolina. N C Med J 2009;70:14-9.
  • 26. Amason JS. The Effect of an Educational Intervention in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Pilot Study Georgia State University (Doctoral Dissertation). Atlant; 2013.
  • 27. Kim C, McEwen LN, Kieffer EC, Herman WH, Piette JD. Selfefficacy, social support, and associations with physical activity and body mass index among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educ 2008;34:719-28.
  • 28. Koh D, Miller YD, Marshall AL, Brown WJ, McIntyre D. Health enhancing physical activity behaviour and related factors in postpartum women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. J Sci Med Sport 2010;13:42-5.
  • 29. Homko CJ, Sivan E, Reece EA. The impact of self-monitoring of blood glucose on self-efficacy and pregnancy outcomes in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2002;28:435-43.
  • 30. Kim H, Kim S. Effects of an integrated self-management program on self-management, glycemic control, and maternal identity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43:69-80.
  • 31. Homko CJ, Santamore WP, Whiteman V, Bower M, Berger P, Geifman-Holtzman O, et al. Use of an internet-based telemedicine system to manage underserved women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007;9:297-306.
  • 32. Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, de Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30:251-60.
  • 33. Pridjian G, Benjamin TD. Update on gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2010;37:255-67.
  • 34. Hawkins JS, Casey BM, Lo JY, Moss K, Mc Intire DD, Leveno KJ. Weekly compared with daily blood glucose monitoring in women with diet-treated gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:1307-12.
  • 35. Symons Downs D, Ulbrecht JS. Understanding exercise beliefs and behaviors in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2006;29:236-40.
  • 36. Catalano PM, Kirwan JP, Haugel-de Mouzon S, King J. Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: Role in short and longterm implications for mother and fetus. J Nutr 2003;133(Suppl 2):1674-83.
  • 37. MacNeill S, Dodds L, Hamilton DC, Armson BA, VandenHof M. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001;24:659-62.
  • 38. Dodd JM, Grivell RM, Nguyen A-M, Chan A, Robinson JS. Maternal and perinatal health outcomes by body mass index category. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2011;51:136-40.
  • 39. Galtier-Dereure F, Boegner C, Bringer J. Obesity and pregnancy: Complications and cost. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(Suppl 5):1242- 8.
  • 40. Boulet S, Alexander GR, Salihu HM, Pass M. Macrosomic births in the united states: Determinants, outcomes, and proposed grades of risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1372-8.
  • 41. Tyrala EE. The infant of the diabetic mother. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1996;23:221-41.
  • 42. Tanır HM, Sener T, Gürer H, Kaya M. A ten-year gestational diabetes mellitus cohort at a university clinic of the mid-Anatolian region of Turkey. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2005;32:241-4.
  • 43. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1991- 2002.
  • 44. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM, Reed GF, Metzger BE, Mills JL, Knopp RH, et al. Maternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: The diabetes in early pregnancy study. The National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentDiabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:103-11.
  • 45. Uvena-Celebrezze J, Fung C, Thomas AJ, Hoty A, Huston-Presley L, Amini SB, et al. Relationship of neonatal body composition to maternal glucose control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonat Med 2002;12:396-401.
  • 46. Durnwald CP, Mele L, Spong CY, Ramin SM, Varner MW, Rouse DJ, et al. Glycemic characteristics and neonatal outcomes of women treated for mild gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:819-27.
  • 47. Schaefer-Graf UM, Kjos SL, Kilavuz O, Plagemann A, Brauer M, Dudenhausen JW, et al. Determinants of fetal growth at different periods of pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2003;26:193-8.
  • 48. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: Association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005;115:290-6.
  • 49. McLean M, Chipps D, Cheung NW. Mother to child transmission of diabetes mellitus: Does gestational diabetes program Type 2 diabetes in the next generation? Diabet Med 2006;23:1213-5.
  • 50. Schneiderman EH. Gestational diabetes: an overview of a growing health concern for women. J Infus Nurs 2010;33:48-54.
  • 51. Reece EA. The fetal and maternal consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:199-203.
  • 52. Tomić V, Petrović O, Crnčević Orlić Ž, Mandić V. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome - do we have right diagnostic criteria? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:854-9.
  • 53. Wang Z, Kanguru L, Hussein J, Fitzmaurice A, Ritchie K. Incidence of adverse outcomes associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in low- and middle-income countries. Int JGynecol Obstet 2013;121:14-9.
  • 54. Yogev Y, Metzger BE, Hod M. Establishing diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: Impact of the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;14:94-100.
  • 55. Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jensen DM, Lauenborg J, et al. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: The role of intrauterine hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2008;31:340-6.
  • 56. Kim C, McEwen LN, Piette JD, Goewey J, Ferrara A, Walker EA. Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2281-6.
  • 57. Kaiser B, Razurel C. Determinants of postpartum physical activity, dietary habits and weight loss after gestational diabetes mellitus. J Nurs Manag 2013;21:58-69.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Emine Gerçek

Hakan Şen This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gerçek, E., & Şen, H. (2015). Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes. Güncel Pediatri, 13(3), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcp.44366
AMA Gerçek E, Şen H. Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes. Güncel Pediatri. December 2015;13(3):209-215. doi:10.4274/jcp.44366
Chicago Gerçek, Emine, and Hakan Şen. “Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- Efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes”. Güncel Pediatri 13, no. 3 (December 2015): 209-15. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcp.44366.
EndNote Gerçek E, Şen H (December 1, 2015) Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes. Güncel Pediatri 13 3 209–215.
IEEE E. Gerçek and H. Şen, “Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes”, Güncel Pediatri, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 209–215, 2015, doi: 10.4274/jcp.44366.
ISNAD Gerçek, Emine - Şen, Hakan. “Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- Efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes”. Güncel Pediatri 13/3 (December 2015), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcp.44366.
JAMA Gerçek E, Şen H. Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes. Güncel Pediatri. 2015;13:209–215.
MLA Gerçek, Emine and Hakan Şen. “Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- Efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes”. Güncel Pediatri, vol. 13, no. 3, 2015, pp. 209-15, doi:10.4274/jcp.44366.
Vancouver Gerçek E, Şen H. Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Self- efficacy and Perinatal Outcomes. Güncel Pediatri. 2015;13(3):209-15.