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Religion and Spirituality in the Life of Individuals with Paraplegia: Spiritual Journey from Trauma to Spiritual Development

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 89 - 110, 15.02.2017

Abstract

Traumatic experiences that leave deep traces on people’s lives can lead to negative outcomes, as well as positive outcomes like maturation, growth and development. The experience known as post-traumatic growth is largely to result of one’s religious and spiritual tendencies. At the same time, traumatic experiences can lead to changes in people’s religious and spiritual lives. The aim of this research is to reveal the effects of paraplegic individuals’ religious and spiritual tendencies on their post-traumatic growth and the changes that a traumatic experience causes in one’s religious and spiritual life. The phenomenological design is used in research with a qualitative nature like this. Data were collected through interviews that were performed over 15 adults with spinal cord injuries. The obtained data were analyzed through the technique of content analysis. The themes that emerged from analysis are: ways of dealing with trauma, changes in attitudes towards God, religious practices, changes in belief in fate and an afterlife, religious participation. According to the research results, some individuals with spinal cord injuries benefit from religion and spirituality; a great majority overcome the situation by accepting it in order to cope with the traumatic experience. Many changes take place positively in these paraplegics’ religious and spiritual lives in the aftermath of their traumatic experiences, strengthening their faith in what they believe in and their ties with God. This shows that after a traumatic experience, great changes can occur in one’s religious and spiritual life.

References

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  • Bozo, O., Gündogdü, E., & Büyükasik-Colak, C. (2009). The moderating role of different sources of perceived social support on the dispositional optimism-posttraumatic growth relationship in postoperative breast cancer patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(7), 1009⎼1020.
  • Büyüköztürk, S., Kilic-Cakmak, E., Akgün, O. E., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] (17th ed.). Ankara, Turkey: Pegem.
  • Cadell, S., Regehr, C., & Hemsworth, D. (2003). Factors contributing to post-traumatic growth: A proposed structural equation model. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(3), 279⎼287.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2004). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: New considerations. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 93⎼102.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), 521⎼527.
  • Cesur, G. (2012). Yetişkinlerde Travmatik Yasın ve Travma Sonrası Büyümenin Psikososyal Belirleyicileri. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi
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  • Ersoy, F. (2016). Fenomenoloji [Phenomenology]. In A. Saban & A. Ersoy (Eds.), Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri [Qualitative research designs in education]. Ankara, Turkey: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Eryücel, S. (2013). Yaşam olayları ve dini başa çıkma [Life events and religious achievement]. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(23), 251⎼271.
  • Fellow, L., & Maryland, R. (1999). Private religious practices in multi-dimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on aging working groups (pp. 39⎼42). Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.
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  • Gelder, M., Gath, D., Mayou, R., & Cowen, P. (1996). Child psychiatry. Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 761-825.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 39(1), 201-221.
  • Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2007). Religious social identity as an explanatory factor for associations between more frequent formal religious participation and psychological well-being. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17(3), 245⎼259.
  • Hatun, O., Yavuz-Birben, F., İnce, Z., & Kalkan-Yeni, G. (2016). The ticket to heaven: A spiritual resource for coping with disability. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 1(2), 209–235.
  • Hogan, N., & DeSantis, L. (1996). Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief (pp. 235⎼254). New Delh, India: Taylor and Francis.
  • Idler, E. (1999). Organizational religiousness. In Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/ National Institute on Aging (pp. 75⎼80). Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.
  • Inci, F., & Boztepe, H., (2013). Travma sonrası büyüme: Öldürmeyen acı güçlendirir mi? [Post traumatic growth: Does the pain that doesn’t kill strengthen?]. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 4(2), 80⎼84.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 30⎼34.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R., & Berg, M. (1998). Disillusionment and the creation of value: From traumatic loss to existential gains. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kula, N. (2004). Gençlerde ızdırap tecrübesine bağlı dini krizle başa çıkmaya yönelik öneriler [Suggestions for successful religious crisis relating to experience of displeasure in youth]. İstanbul, Turkey: İSAV.
  • Lawrence, R. T. (1997). Measuring the image of God: The God image inventory and the God image scales. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 25(2), 214-226.
  • Lee, S. Y., Park, C. L., & Hale, A. E. (2016). Relations of trauma exposure with current religiousness and spirituality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(6), 493⎼505.
  • Lelorain, S.,Tessier, P., Florin, A., & Bonnaud-Antignac, A. (2011). Post-traumatic growth in long term breast cancer survivors: Relation to coping, social support and cognitive processing. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(5), 627⎼639.
  • Levine, E. G., Aviv, C., Yoo, G., Ewing, C., & Au, A. (2009). The benefits of prayer on mood and well-being of breast cancer survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer, 17(3), 295⎼306.
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11⎼21.
  • McMillen, J. C., & Fisher, R. H. (1998). The Perceived Benefit Scale: Measuring perceived positive life changes after negative events. Social Work Research, 22(3), 173⎼187.
  • O’Rourke, J. J., Tallman, B. A., & Altmaier, E. M. (2008). Measuring post-traumatic changes in spirituality/religiosity. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11(7), 719⎼728.
  • Oktan, V. (2005). Yalnızlık ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeyinin ergenlerdeki öfkenin gelişimine etkisi [The effect of loneliness and perceived social support level on the development of anger in adolescents]. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 21, 183⎼192.
  • Overcash, W. S., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1996). Coping with crises: An examination of the impact of traumatic events on religious beliefs. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157(4), 455⎼464.
  • Pargament, K. I. (1990). God help me: Toward a theoretical framework of coping for the psychology of religion. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 2, 195–224.
  • Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I. (2001). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710⎼724.
  • Park, C. L., & Ai, A. L. (2006). Meaning making and growth: New directions for research on survivors of trauma. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11(5), 389⎼407.
  • Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71–105.
  • Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., Fenster, J. R., & Blank, T. O. (2008). Meaning making and psychological adjustment following cancer: The mediating roles of growth, life meaning, and restored just-world beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(5), 863.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri [Qualitative research and evaluation methods] (M. Bütün, & B. Demir, Trans.). Ankara. Turkey: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Perera, S., & Frazier, P. A. (2013). Changes in religiosity and spirituality following potentially traumatic events. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(1), 26⎼38.
  • Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(5), 364⎼388.
  • Rohrbaugh, J., & Jessor, R. (1975). Religiosity in youth: A personal control against deviant behavior. Journal of Personality, 43(1), 136⎼155.
  • Sarısoy, G. (2012). An investigation of post-traumatic growth rate and factors that predict post-traumatic growth in breast cancer patients (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hacattepe University, Istanbul, Turkey. Retreived from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi
  • Schmidt, S. D., Blank, T. O., Bellizzi, K. M., & Park, C. L. (2012). The relationship of coping strategies, social support, and attachment style with posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(7), 1033⎼1040.
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Omurilik Felci Geçiren Bireylerin Yaşamında Din ve Maneviyat: Travma ile Başa Çıkmadan Travma Sonrası Manevi Gelişime Yolculuk

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 89 - 110, 15.02.2017

Abstract

İnsanların yaşamında derin izler bırakan travmatik deneyimler olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmasının yanı sıra olgunlaşma, büyüme
ve gelişim olarak ifade edebileceğimiz olumlu sonuçlara da yol açabilmektedir. Travma sonrası gelişim olarak ifade edilen
bu deneyimin gerçekleşmesinde insanların sahip olduğu dini ve manevi eğilimlerin rolü büyüktür. Aynı zamanda geçirilen
travmatik deneyimler kişilerin dini ve manevi yaşantısında değişimlere sebep olabilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı omurilik
felci geçiren bireylerin dini ve manevi eğilimlerinin travma sonrası gelişim üzerindeki etkisini ve travmatik yaşantının dini
ve manevi yaşantıda meydana getirdiği değişimleri ortaya koymaktır. Nitel bir doğaya sahip olan araştırmada fenomenoloji
deseni kullanılmıştır. Veriler görüşme yöntemi ile toplanmış ve omurilik felci olan 15 yetişkinle görüşme yapılmıştır. Elde
edilen veriler içerik analizi tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda ortaya çıkan temalar şunlardır: Travma ile başa çıkma
yolları, Allah’a dair tutumlarda değişim, dini pratikler, ahiret ve kader inancında değişim, dini katılım. Araştırma sonuçlarına
göre omurilik felçli bireylerden bazıları travma yaşantısı ile başa çıkmak için din ve maneviyattan faydalansa da çoğunluğu
yaşadığı durumu kabullenerek başa çıkmıştır. Yaşanan olaydan sonraki süreçte ise felçli kişilerin dini ve manevi yaşantısında
pozitif yönde pek çok değişim meydana gelmiş; inandıkları din ve Tanrıyla olan bağları güçlenmiştir. Bu durum bize travmatik
deneyimlerin ardından dini ve manevi yaşantıda büyük değişimler meydana gelebileceğini göstermiştir. 

References

  • Ai, A. L., Peterson, C., & Huang, B. (2003). Research: The effect of religious-spiritual coping on positive attitudes of adult Muslim refugees from Kosovo and Bosnia. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13(1), 29-47.
  • Aker, A. T. (2000). Temel sağlık hizmetlerinde psikososyal travmaya yaklaşım [Approach to psychosocial trauma in primary health care services]. İstanbul, Turkey: Mutlu Doğan Ofset U. V. Lak Tesisleri.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2007). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı (DSM-4) [Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-4] (E. Köroğlu, Trans.). Ankara, Turkey: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Becker, G., Xander, C. J., Blum, H. E., Lutterbach, J., Momm, F., Gysels, M., & Higginson, I. J. (2007). Do religious or spiritual beliefs influence bereavement? A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 21, 207–217.
  • Bozo, O., Gündogdü, E., & Büyükasik-Colak, C. (2009). The moderating role of different sources of perceived social support on the dispositional optimism-posttraumatic growth relationship in postoperative breast cancer patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(7), 1009⎼1020.
  • Büyüköztürk, S., Kilic-Cakmak, E., Akgün, O. E., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] (17th ed.). Ankara, Turkey: Pegem.
  • Cadell, S., Regehr, C., & Hemsworth, D. (2003). Factors contributing to post-traumatic growth: A proposed structural equation model. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(3), 279⎼287.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2004). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: New considerations. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 93⎼102.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), 521⎼527.
  • Cesur, G. (2012). Yetişkinlerde Travmatik Yasın ve Travma Sonrası Büyümenin Psikososyal Belirleyicileri. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi
  • Eliade, M. (1994). Ebedi dönüş mitosu [Eternal return myth] (U. Altuğ, Trans.). Ankara, Turkey: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Ersoy, F. (2016). Fenomenoloji [Phenomenology]. In A. Saban & A. Ersoy (Eds.), Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri [Qualitative research designs in education]. Ankara, Turkey: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Eryücel, S. (2013). Yaşam olayları ve dini başa çıkma [Life events and religious achievement]. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(23), 251⎼271.
  • Fellow, L., & Maryland, R. (1999). Private religious practices in multi-dimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on aging working groups (pp. 39⎼42). Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.
  • Frankl, E. V. (2014). İnsanın Anlam Arayışı [Man’s search for meaning] (S. Budak, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: Okyanus Yayıncılık.
  • Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P. A., Aberg, P., & Fredrikson, M. (2006). Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scansinavica, 111, 291⎼299.
  • Gelder, M., Gath, D., Mayou, R., & Cowen, P. (1996). Child psychiatry. Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 761-825.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 39(1), 201-221.
  • Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2007). Religious social identity as an explanatory factor for associations between more frequent formal religious participation and psychological well-being. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17(3), 245⎼259.
  • Hatun, O., Yavuz-Birben, F., İnce, Z., & Kalkan-Yeni, G. (2016). The ticket to heaven: A spiritual resource for coping with disability. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 1(2), 209–235.
  • Hogan, N., & DeSantis, L. (1996). Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief (pp. 235⎼254). New Delh, India: Taylor and Francis.
  • Idler, E. (1999). Organizational religiousness. In Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/ National Institute on Aging (pp. 75⎼80). Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.
  • Inci, F., & Boztepe, H., (2013). Travma sonrası büyüme: Öldürmeyen acı güçlendirir mi? [Post traumatic growth: Does the pain that doesn’t kill strengthen?]. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 4(2), 80⎼84.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 30⎼34.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R., & Berg, M. (1998). Disillusionment and the creation of value: From traumatic loss to existential gains. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kula, N. (2004). Gençlerde ızdırap tecrübesine bağlı dini krizle başa çıkmaya yönelik öneriler [Suggestions for successful religious crisis relating to experience of displeasure in youth]. İstanbul, Turkey: İSAV.
  • Lawrence, R. T. (1997). Measuring the image of God: The God image inventory and the God image scales. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 25(2), 214-226.
  • Lee, S. Y., Park, C. L., & Hale, A. E. (2016). Relations of trauma exposure with current religiousness and spirituality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(6), 493⎼505.
  • Lelorain, S.,Tessier, P., Florin, A., & Bonnaud-Antignac, A. (2011). Post-traumatic growth in long term breast cancer survivors: Relation to coping, social support and cognitive processing. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(5), 627⎼639.
  • Levine, E. G., Aviv, C., Yoo, G., Ewing, C., & Au, A. (2009). The benefits of prayer on mood and well-being of breast cancer survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer, 17(3), 295⎼306.
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11⎼21.
  • McMillen, J. C., & Fisher, R. H. (1998). The Perceived Benefit Scale: Measuring perceived positive life changes after negative events. Social Work Research, 22(3), 173⎼187.
  • O’Rourke, J. J., Tallman, B. A., & Altmaier, E. M. (2008). Measuring post-traumatic changes in spirituality/religiosity. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11(7), 719⎼728.
  • Oktan, V. (2005). Yalnızlık ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeyinin ergenlerdeki öfkenin gelişimine etkisi [The effect of loneliness and perceived social support level on the development of anger in adolescents]. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 21, 183⎼192.
  • Overcash, W. S., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1996). Coping with crises: An examination of the impact of traumatic events on religious beliefs. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157(4), 455⎼464.
  • Pargament, K. I. (1990). God help me: Toward a theoretical framework of coping for the psychology of religion. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 2, 195–224.
  • Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I. (2001). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710⎼724.
  • Park, C. L., & Ai, A. L. (2006). Meaning making and growth: New directions for research on survivors of trauma. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11(5), 389⎼407.
  • Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71–105.
  • Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., Fenster, J. R., & Blank, T. O. (2008). Meaning making and psychological adjustment following cancer: The mediating roles of growth, life meaning, and restored just-world beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(5), 863.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri [Qualitative research and evaluation methods] (M. Bütün, & B. Demir, Trans.). Ankara. Turkey: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Perera, S., & Frazier, P. A. (2013). Changes in religiosity and spirituality following potentially traumatic events. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(1), 26⎼38.
  • Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(5), 364⎼388.
  • Rohrbaugh, J., & Jessor, R. (1975). Religiosity in youth: A personal control against deviant behavior. Journal of Personality, 43(1), 136⎼155.
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There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Şimşir

S. Tuba Boynueğri

Bülent Dilmaç

Publication Date February 15, 2017
Submission Date June 23, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şimşir, Z., Boynueğri, S. T., & Dilmaç, B. (2017). Religion and Spirituality in the Life of Individuals with Paraplegia: Spiritual Journey from Trauma to Spiritual Development. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 89-110.