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Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 1332 - 1347, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948

Öz

Özet
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, and tornadoes pose a risk to the psychological well-being of individuals. Disaster preparedness is a crucial factor that plays a fundamental role in reducing loss and destruction in any disaster situation. It is of great importance to be prepared for these natural events that have the potential to harm mental health. The aims of the current study are to reveal whether the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress, and disaster preparedness levels of individuals differ according to demographic characteristics, to clarify the current status of depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress and disaster preparedness levels in adults who have been directly or indirectly exposed to the last dual earthquake in Türkiye, and to identify that whether depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress predict disaster preparedness. Data were collected from 418 individuals. The findings revealed that the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants showed significant differences in the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, and stress levels of the individuals. The main factors affecting disaster preparedness were gender, age, education level, marital status, and experiencing the February 6 earthquakes. Individuals directly exposed to dual earthquakes reported higher depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress levels and lower disaster preparedness levels than indirectly exposed individuals. Post-earthquake depression symptoms and stress predicted individuals' ongoing disaster preparedness. In the light of these results, mental health professionals, psychologists, psychological counselors, sociologists, and authorities should focus on this vulnerable population and implement practices that improve mental health and increase preparedness for disasters.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD, A. v. A. D. Y. B. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw: 7.7 – Mw: 7.6 Depremleri Raporu. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/earthquake-reports
  • Alim, S., Kawabata, M., & Nakazawa, M. (2015). Evaluation of disaster preparedness training and disaster drill for nursing students. Nurse education today, 35(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.016
  • Başoǧlu, M., Kiliç, C., Şalcioǧlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: an epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8
  • Becker, J. S., Paton, D., Johnston, D. M., Ronan, K. R., & McClure, J. (2017). The role of prior experience in informing and motivating earthquake preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.03.006
  • Bilgel, N. G., & Bayram, N. (2010). Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5344
  • Bodas, M., Siman-Tov, M., Kreitler, S., & Peleg, K. (2017). Psychological correlates of civilian preparedness for conflicts. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 11(4), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.163
  • Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., & Demyttenaere, K. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological medicine, 47(2), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002026
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., KılıçÇakmak, E., ErkanAkgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). BilimselAraştırmaYöntemleri, Ankara: Pegem.
  • Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S.-E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
  • Clay, L. A., Goetschius, J. B., Papas, M. A., & Kendra, J. (2014). Influence of mental health on disaster preparedness: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2007–2009. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 11(3), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2014-0013
  • Dal Zilio, L., & Ampuero, J.-P. (2023). Earthquake doublet in Turkey and Syria. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00747-z Dell'Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Capanna, C., Akiskal, K. K., Akiskal, H. S., & Rossi, A. (2013). Age, gender and epicenter proximity effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms in L'Aquila 2009 earthquake survivors. Journal of affective disorders, 146(2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048
  • Diaz, C. A., Quintana, G. R., & Vogel, E. H. (2012). Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents seven months after the february 27 2010 earthquake in Chile. Terapia psicológica, 30(1), 37-43.
  • Ekşi, A., Braun, K. L., Ertem-Vehid, H., Peykerli, G., Saydam, R., Toparlak, D., & Alyanak, B. (2007). Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7.4 magnitude earthquake. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 11(3), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500601017548
  • Eysenck, M., Payne, S., & Santos, R. (2006). Anxiety and depression: Past, present, and future events. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 274-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500220066
  • Foa, E. B., Franklin, M., McLean, C., McNally, R. J., & Pine, D. (2017). Defining anxiety disorders. 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199928163.003.0009
  • Fung, H. W., Liu, C., Yuan, G. F., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Chien, W. T., Lee, V. W. P., Shi, W., & Lam, S. K. K. (2023). Association Among Negative Life Events, Sense of Security, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents After the 2013 Ya’an Earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 17, e352. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.300
  • Gerstner, R. M., Lara-Lara, F., Vasconez, E., Viscor, G., Jarrin, J. D., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2020). Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02759-x
  • Gün Çınğı, T., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Examination of Risk Perception, Fear and Preparedness of Individuals Experiencing Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(2), 656-668. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1138901
  • Heir, T., Piatigorsky, A., & Weisæth, L. (2009). Longitudinal changes in recalled perceived life threat after a natural disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(6), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056580
  • Ishiguro, A., Inoue, M., Fisher, J., Inoue, M., Matsumoto, S., & Yamaoka, K. (2019). Gender-based risk and protective factors for psychological distress in the midterm recovery period following the great East Japan earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 13(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.80
  • Jupp, V. (2006). The Sage dictionary of social research methods. sage.
  • Kar, N., & Bastia, B. K. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17
  • Karaarslan, İ., Yavuz, B., Özdemir, S., Çakar, S., & Tatlı, M. (2023). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrası İlkokul Öğretmenlerinin Durumluk Kaygı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. International JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HUMANITIES SCIENCES RESEARCH, 10(97), 1560-1564. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8200759
  • Karancı, N., & İkizer, G. (2017). Afet Psikolojisi: Tarihçe, Temel İlkeler ve Uygulamalar. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychology-Special Topics, 2(3), 163-171.
  • Kırman, F. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Travmatik Stres Tepkileri ve Sosyal Medyada Yansımaları. Antakiyat, 6(1), 15-30.
  • Kirschenbaum, A. A., Rapaport, C., & Canetti, D. (2017). The impact of information sources on earthquake preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.10.018
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
  • Marthoenis, M., Ilyas, A., Sofyan, H., & Schouler-Ocak, M. (2019). Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in adolescents following an earthquake. Asian journal of psychiatry, 43, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v11i2.1203
  • Mishra, S., & Mazumdar, S. (2015). Psychology of disaster preparedness. Ecopsychology, 7(4), 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0006
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Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 1332 - 1347, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948

Öz

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, and tornadoes pose a risk to the psychological well-being of individuals. Disaster preparedness is a crucial factor that plays a fundamental role in reducing loss and destruction in any disaster situation. It is of great importance to be prepared for these natural events that have the potential to harm mental health. The aims of the current study are to reveal whether the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress, and disaster preparedness levels of individuals differ according to demographic characteristics, to clarify the current status of depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress and disaster preparedness levels in adults who have been directly or indirectly exposed to the last dual earthquake in Türkiye, and to identify that whether depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress predict disaster preparedness. Data were collected from 418 individuals. The findings revealed that the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants showed significant differences in the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, and stress levels of the individuals. The main factors affecting disaster preparedness were gender, age, education level, marital status, and experiencing the February 6 earthquakes. Individuals directly exposed to dual earthquakes reported higher depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress levels and lower disaster preparedness levels than indirectly exposed individuals. Post-earthquake depression symptoms and stress predicted individuals' ongoing disaster preparedness. In the light of these results, mental health professionals, psychologists, psychological counselors, sociologists, and authorities should focus on this vulnerable population and implement practices that improve mental health and increase preparedness for disasters.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD, A. v. A. D. Y. B. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw: 7.7 – Mw: 7.6 Depremleri Raporu. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/earthquake-reports
  • Alim, S., Kawabata, M., & Nakazawa, M. (2015). Evaluation of disaster preparedness training and disaster drill for nursing students. Nurse education today, 35(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.016
  • Başoǧlu, M., Kiliç, C., Şalcioǧlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: an epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8
  • Becker, J. S., Paton, D., Johnston, D. M., Ronan, K. R., & McClure, J. (2017). The role of prior experience in informing and motivating earthquake preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.03.006
  • Bilgel, N. G., & Bayram, N. (2010). Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5344
  • Bodas, M., Siman-Tov, M., Kreitler, S., & Peleg, K. (2017). Psychological correlates of civilian preparedness for conflicts. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 11(4), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.163
  • Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., & Demyttenaere, K. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological medicine, 47(2), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002026
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., KılıçÇakmak, E., ErkanAkgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). BilimselAraştırmaYöntemleri, Ankara: Pegem.
  • Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S.-E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
  • Clay, L. A., Goetschius, J. B., Papas, M. A., & Kendra, J. (2014). Influence of mental health on disaster preparedness: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2007–2009. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 11(3), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2014-0013
  • Dal Zilio, L., & Ampuero, J.-P. (2023). Earthquake doublet in Turkey and Syria. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00747-z Dell'Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Capanna, C., Akiskal, K. K., Akiskal, H. S., & Rossi, A. (2013). Age, gender and epicenter proximity effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms in L'Aquila 2009 earthquake survivors. Journal of affective disorders, 146(2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048
  • Diaz, C. A., Quintana, G. R., & Vogel, E. H. (2012). Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents seven months after the february 27 2010 earthquake in Chile. Terapia psicológica, 30(1), 37-43.
  • Ekşi, A., Braun, K. L., Ertem-Vehid, H., Peykerli, G., Saydam, R., Toparlak, D., & Alyanak, B. (2007). Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7.4 magnitude earthquake. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 11(3), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500601017548
  • Eysenck, M., Payne, S., & Santos, R. (2006). Anxiety and depression: Past, present, and future events. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 274-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500220066
  • Foa, E. B., Franklin, M., McLean, C., McNally, R. J., & Pine, D. (2017). Defining anxiety disorders. 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199928163.003.0009
  • Fung, H. W., Liu, C., Yuan, G. F., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Chien, W. T., Lee, V. W. P., Shi, W., & Lam, S. K. K. (2023). Association Among Negative Life Events, Sense of Security, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents After the 2013 Ya’an Earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 17, e352. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.300
  • Gerstner, R. M., Lara-Lara, F., Vasconez, E., Viscor, G., Jarrin, J. D., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2020). Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02759-x
  • Gün Çınğı, T., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Examination of Risk Perception, Fear and Preparedness of Individuals Experiencing Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(2), 656-668. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1138901
  • Heir, T., Piatigorsky, A., & Weisæth, L. (2009). Longitudinal changes in recalled perceived life threat after a natural disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(6), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056580
  • Ishiguro, A., Inoue, M., Fisher, J., Inoue, M., Matsumoto, S., & Yamaoka, K. (2019). Gender-based risk and protective factors for psychological distress in the midterm recovery period following the great East Japan earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 13(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.80
  • Jupp, V. (2006). The Sage dictionary of social research methods. sage.
  • Kar, N., & Bastia, B. K. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17
  • Karaarslan, İ., Yavuz, B., Özdemir, S., Çakar, S., & Tatlı, M. (2023). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrası İlkokul Öğretmenlerinin Durumluk Kaygı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. International JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HUMANITIES SCIENCES RESEARCH, 10(97), 1560-1564. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8200759
  • Karancı, N., & İkizer, G. (2017). Afet Psikolojisi: Tarihçe, Temel İlkeler ve Uygulamalar. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychology-Special Topics, 2(3), 163-171.
  • Kırman, F. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Travmatik Stres Tepkileri ve Sosyal Medyada Yansımaları. Antakiyat, 6(1), 15-30.
  • Kirschenbaum, A. A., Rapaport, C., & Canetti, D. (2017). The impact of information sources on earthquake preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.10.018
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
  • Marthoenis, M., Ilyas, A., Sofyan, H., & Schouler-Ocak, M. (2019). Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in adolescents following an earthquake. Asian journal of psychiatry, 43, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v11i2.1203
  • Mishra, S., & Mazumdar, S. (2015). Psychology of disaster preparedness. Ecopsychology, 7(4), 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0006
  • Najafi, M., Ardalan, A., Akbarisari, A., Noorbala, A. A., & Jabbari, H. (2015). Demographic determinants of disaster preparedness behaviors amongst Tehran inhabitants, Iran. PLoS currents, 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.976b0ab9c9d9941cbbae3775a6c5fbe6
  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and biological processes, 65(3), 240-260. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.240.20169
  • Ohnuma, A., Narita, Z., Tachimori, H., Sumiyoshi, T., Shirama, A., Kan, C., Kamio, Y., & Kim, Y. (2023). Associations between media exposure and mental health among children and parents after the Great East Japan Earthquake. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(1), 2163127. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2163127
  • Olivia, W. (2021). Psychological well-being increases the earthquake disaster preparedness of female nursing students at Universitas Indonesia in 2019. Enfermeria Clinica, 31, S386-S390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.09.031
  • Oral, M., Yenel, A., Oral, E., Aydin, N., & Tuncay, T. (2015). Earthquake experience and preparedness in Turkey. Disaster Prevention and Management, 24(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-01-2013-0008
  • Pandey, S., & Dubey, A. (2022). A Study on Relationships of Spirituality and Personal and Social Identity Orientation with Psychological Distress. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.25215/1002.082
  • Park, J.-M., & Bae, S.-M. (2022). Impact of depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in disaster victims on quality of life: The moderating effect of perceived community resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 69, 102749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102749
  • Phifer, J. F. (1990). Psychological distress and somatic symptoms after natural disaster: differential vulnerability among older adults. Psychology and aging, 5(3), 412.
  • Priebe, S., Grappasonni, I., Mari, M., Dewey, M., Petrelli, F., & Costa, A. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder six months after an earthquake: findings from a community sample in a rural region in Italy. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 393-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0441-y
  • Qing, C., Guo, S., Deng, X., & Xu, D. (2021). Farmers' disaster preparedness and quality of life in earthquake-prone areas: The mediating role of risk perception. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 59, 102252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102252
  • Rahana, S., Sam, J. M., & Udhayakumar, P. (2021). Depression, anxiety, stress, and resilience among the primary survivors of natural disaster: A study with special reference to Kerala Flood. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 37(4), 388-393. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_238_20
  • Russell, L. A., Goltz, J. D., & Bourque, L. B. (1995). Preparedness and hazard mitigation actions before and after two earthquakes. Environment and behavior, 27(6), 744-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916595276002
  • Sanju, S., Roshan, C., Ragnhild, D., Lauri, S., Lien, L., & Andre, S. (2022). Post-traumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents After the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal: A Longitudinal Study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 53(3), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01136-3
  • Sasaki, Y., Aida, J., Tsuji, T., Koyama, S., Tsuboya, T., Saito, T., Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. (2019). Pre-disaster social support is protective for onset of post-disaster depression: Prospective study from the Great East Japan Earthquake & Tsunami. Scientific reports, 9(1), 19427. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55953-7
  • Şentuna, B., & Çakı, F. (2020). Balıkesir örnekleminde bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması: Afet hazırbulunuşluk ölçeği. İdealkent, 11(31), 1959-1983. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.728896
  • Tandon, M. (2017). Assessment of the level of stress among elderly. International Journal of Home Science, 3(2), 31-33.
  • Tang, B., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Xue, C., & Zhang, L. (2014). A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC public health, 14, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-623
  • Tercan, B. (2022). Afete Dirençlilikte Bireylerin Afetlere Hazırlığının İncelenmesi: Erzincan İli Örneği. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(1), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1063790
  • Uğur, M., Kartal, F., Mete, B., Tamam, L., & Demirkol, M. E. (2021). Deprem sonrası akut stres bozukluğu olanlarda travma esnasındaki çözülmenin, anksiyete düzeyi, algılanan stres, anksiyete duyarlılığı ve deprem stresiyle baş etme ile ilişkisi. https://doi.org/10.5080/u25892
  • Ünal Karaçam, S., Ada, M., Gönen, T., & Yıldırım, H. (2022). Uşak İlinin Afet Farkındalığı ve Afete Karşı Hazırlık Durum Araştırması. Uşak Üniversitesi Fen ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.47137/usufedbid.1191514
  • Wang, Q. Q., Fang, Y. Y., Huang, H. L., Lv, W. J., Wang, X. X., Yang, T. T., Yuan, J. M., Gao, Y., Qian, R. L., & Zhang, Y. H. (2021). Anxiety, depression and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in Chinese nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(5), 1263-1274. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13265
  • Warsini, S., Buettner, P., Mills, J., West, C., & Usher, K. (2015). Post‐traumatic stress disorder among survivors two years after the 2010 M ount M erapi volcano eruption: A survey study. Nursing & health sciences, 17(2), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12152
  • Weber, M. C., Pavlacic, J. M., Gawlik, E. A., Schulenberg, S. E., & Buchanan, E. M. (2020). Modeling resilience, meaning in life, posttraumatic growth, and disaster preparedness with two samples of tornado survivors. Traumatology, 26(3), 266. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000210
  • WHO, W. H. O. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. Xi, Y., Yu, H., Yao, Y., Peng, K., Wang, Y., & Chen, R. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian journal of psychiatry, 49, 101958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101958
  • Ying, W., Yu, L., Mingfeng, Y., Hui, W., Chaohua, P., Zhang, P., Xinying, N., Qu, J., & Changyan, L. (2023). Disaster Preparedness Among Nurses in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Research, 31(1), e255. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000537
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülçin Güler Öztekin 0000-0001-6205-642X

Hülya Örki 0000-0001-8424-7112

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 22 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztekin, G. G., & Örki, H. (2023). Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 6(4), 1332-1347. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948
AMA Öztekin GG, Örki H. Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. Aralık 2023;6(4):1332-1347. doi:10.35341/afet.1326948
Chicago Öztekin, Gülçin Güler, ve Hülya Örki. “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 6, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 1332-47. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948.
EndNote Öztekin GG, Örki H (01 Aralık 2023) Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6 4 1332–1347.
IEEE G. G. Öztekin ve H. Örki, “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 4, ss. 1332–1347, 2023, doi: 10.35341/afet.1326948.
ISNAD Öztekin, Gülçin Güler - Örki, Hülya. “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6/4 (Aralık 2023), 1332-1347. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948.
JAMA Öztekin GG, Örki H. Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6:1332–1347.
MLA Öztekin, Gülçin Güler ve Hülya Örki. “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 1332-47, doi:10.35341/afet.1326948.
Vancouver Öztekin GG, Örki H. Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6(4):1332-47.