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Resilience In The Preschool Period

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 20 - 30, 30.08.2018

Öz

Preschool
period, in which the foundation of development of children in every field is
laid, is the most valuable years of the life. In this period, all of the
studies conducted for children are important for children to become successful
and healthy individuals. Preschool years covering 0-6 years of early childhood
is one of the most critical periods of life since it is a period in which the
personality is formed, and shaped, basic knowledge and skills are acquired and
the child makes significant progress in cognitive, physical, linguistic,
emotional and social aspects. In this period which forms the foundation of
life, children should be provided with adequate conditions together with
qualified educational opportunities, because the negations in the physical and
social environment in the preschool period may affect the physical and mental
health in the years ahead.
Resilience
does not mean being weak or perfect or not being exposed to any risks. Resilience
is the attribute that parents expect that children develop to deal with
difficulties while enjoying the stressful and complex world. Resilience is not
a feature of “perfect” people. People who want to be perfect are afraid of
making mistakes. They may get good results, but they do not take their chance
to get the best results. People who have resilience are more successful,
because they push their limits and take lessons from their mistakes.
Research in resilience has become
specialized. One can find branches of resilience research that focus on
specific adversities such as sons of alcoholics, maternal drug abuse, children
of depressed parents, abused children, children who witness violence, children
overcoming trauma children in war, children in eartquakes and street children. When
one thinks of these life-altering situations, it seems even more amazing that
some children are able to not only survive but to grow from adversity.
As a
conclusion, resilience should be emphasized in preschool period for a healthy
and successful generation

Kaynakça

  • Arrington, E. G., & Wilson, M. N. (2000). A re-examination of risk and resilience during adolescence: Incorporating culture and diversity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9(2), 221-230.
  • Arslan, G. (2015). Çocuk ve genç psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin (ÇGPSÖ-12) psikometrik özellikleri: geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi (16) 1: 1-12.
  • Arslan, G. ve Balkıs, M. (2016). Ergenlerde duygusal istismar, problem davranışlar, öz-yeterlik ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişki. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 6/1 : 8-22.
  • Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Basım, H. N ve Çetin F. (2011). Yetişkinler için psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114. http://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/PDF/C22S2/104-114.pdf. 16.01.2017.
  • Beardslee, M. D. & Podorefsky, M. A. (1988). Resilient adolescents whose parents have serious affective and other psychiatric disorders: Importance of self-understanding and relationships. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 63-69.
  • Bogar, C. B. & Hulse-Killacky, D. (2006). Resiliency determinants and resiliency process among female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling & Development. 84, 318-327.
  • Buss, K. A., & Goldsmith, H. H. (1998). Fear and anger regulation in infancy: Effects on the temporal dynamics of affective expression. Child Development, 69(2), 359- 374.
  • Calkins, S.D. & Fox, N.A. (2002). Self-regulatory processes in early development: A mutilere approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 477-498.
  • Calkins, S.D. & Howse, R. (2004). Individual differences in self-regulation: Implications for childhood adjustment. In P. Philipot & R. Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Campbell, S.B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 113-149.
  • Campos, J., Campos, R., & Barrett, K. (1989). Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25, 394-402.
  • Chambers, J. C. (2005). Helping youth overcome trauma. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 14( 1). 20-23. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.library. drexel.edu/ehost
  • Coie, J. D., Lochman, J. E., Terry, R., & Hyman, C. (1992). Predicting early adolescent disorder from childhood aggression and peer rejection. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 783–792.
  • Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E. & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75(2), 317-333.
  • Dane, E. ve Olgun, N. (2016). Hemodiyaliz hastalarının psikolojik dayanıklılık durumları ve etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi Ocak- Haziran 1. Sayı.
  • Dass-Brailsford, P. (2005). Exploring resiliency: Academic achievement among disadvantaged black youth in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3), 574-591.
  • DeKlyen, M., Speltz, M.L. & Greenberg, M.T. (1998). Fathering and early onset conduct problems: Positive and negative parenting, father-son attachment, and the marital context. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 3-21.
  • Demirbaş, N. (2010). Yaşamda anlam ve yılmazlık. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü: Ankara.
  • Doll, E. A. (1941). The essentials of an ınclusive concept of mental deficiency, 46, 214-219.
  • Doll, E. A. (1953). Measurement of social competence: a manual fort he vineland social maturity scale. Minneapolis: Educational Publishers.
  • Eisenberg, N. & Harris, J. D. (1984). Social competence: a developmental perspective. School Psychology Review, 13, 267-277.
  • Felliti, V., Anda, R., Nordenberg, D. Williamson, D. Spitz, A., Edwards, V. & Marks. J. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
  • Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Higgit, A. & Target, M. (1994). The Emmanuel Miller Memorial Lecture: The Theory and Practice of Resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 231-257.
  • Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in Poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127-136.
  • Getzels, J. W. & Jackson, P. W. (1961). Creativity and intelligence. New York: Wiley.
  • Gilliom, M., Shaw, D., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A. & Lukon, J. L. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 222-235.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2004). Akademik sağlamlık: yoksulluk içindeki 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarına katkıda bulunan koruyucu faktörlerin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi: Ankara.
  • Gizir, C.A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28).
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Okul Öncesi Dönemde Psikolojik Dayanıklılık

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 20 - 30, 30.08.2018

Öz

Çocukların,
tüm alanlarda gelişiminin temelinin atıldığı okul öncesi dönem yaşamın en
değerli yıllarıdır. Bu dönemde çocuklar için yapılan bütün çalışmalar
çocukların başarılı ve sağlıklı bireyler olması açısından çok önemlidir. Erken
çocukluğun 0-6 yaşlar arasındaki süreci kapsayan okul öncesi yılları; kişiliğin
oluşması ve şekillenmesi, temel bilgi ve becerilerin kazandırılması,
çocuğun bilişsel, fiziksel, dil, duygusal ve sosyal
yönden önemli ilerleme kaydettiği bir dönem olması nedeniyle, yaşamın en kritik
dönemlerinden biridir. Yaşamın temelini oluşturan bu dönemde çocuklara yeterli
koşullar nitelikli eğitim olanakları ile birlikte sunulmalıdır. Çünkü okul
öncesi dönemde fiziksel ve sosyal çevredeki olumsuzluklar, ileriki yıllarda
fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlığı etkileyebilmektedir.
Psikolojik dayanıklılık zayıf olmamak, hiçbir riske
açık olmamak değildir. Psikolojik dayanıklılık, ebeveynlerin, çocukları stres
dolu ve karmaşık dünyalarının tadını çıkarırken, zorluklarıyla da başa
çıkabilmeleri için geliştirmelerini umduğu özelliktir. Psikolojik dayanıklılık
“kusursuz” insanların bir özelliği değildir. Kusursuz olmak isteyen
insanlar hata yapmaktan korkar. İyi sonuçlar alabilir, ancak en iyi sonuçları
alabilmek için şanslarını denemezler. Psikolojik dayanıklılık sahibi insanlar
sınırlarını zorladıkları ve hatalarından ders çıkardıkları için daha
başarılıdır. Psikolojik dayanıklılık üzerine yapılan araştırmalar belirli
alanlarda yoğunlaşmıştır. Psikolojik dayanıklılık araştırmalarının, alkolik
ebeveynlerin çocukları, annesi uyuşturucu bağımlısı olan çocuklar,
depresyondaki ebeveynlerin çocukları, tacize uğrayan çocuklar, şiddete maruz
kalan çocuklar, travmayı aşmaya çalışan çocuklar, savaştaki çocuklar,
depremzede çocuklar, sokak çocukları, çalışmak zorunda olan çocuklar gibi
belirli zorluklar üzerinde duran alanları da bulunur. İnsan hayatını önemli
ölçüde olumsuz etkileyen risk faktörleri düşünüldüğünde bazı çocukların
yaşadıkları güçlüklere rağmen hayatta kalmaları ve olumlu gelişmeleri dikkat
çekicidir. Sonuç olarak sağlıklı ve başarılı bir nesil için okul öncesi dönemde
psikolojik dayanıklılık kavramına önem verilmelidir.





Kaynakça

  • Arrington, E. G., & Wilson, M. N. (2000). A re-examination of risk and resilience during adolescence: Incorporating culture and diversity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9(2), 221-230.
  • Arslan, G. (2015). Çocuk ve genç psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin (ÇGPSÖ-12) psikometrik özellikleri: geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi (16) 1: 1-12.
  • Arslan, G. ve Balkıs, M. (2016). Ergenlerde duygusal istismar, problem davranışlar, öz-yeterlik ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişki. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 6/1 : 8-22.
  • Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Basım, H. N ve Çetin F. (2011). Yetişkinler için psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114. http://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/PDF/C22S2/104-114.pdf. 16.01.2017.
  • Beardslee, M. D. & Podorefsky, M. A. (1988). Resilient adolescents whose parents have serious affective and other psychiatric disorders: Importance of self-understanding and relationships. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 63-69.
  • Bogar, C. B. & Hulse-Killacky, D. (2006). Resiliency determinants and resiliency process among female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling & Development. 84, 318-327.
  • Buss, K. A., & Goldsmith, H. H. (1998). Fear and anger regulation in infancy: Effects on the temporal dynamics of affective expression. Child Development, 69(2), 359- 374.
  • Calkins, S.D. & Fox, N.A. (2002). Self-regulatory processes in early development: A mutilere approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 477-498.
  • Calkins, S.D. & Howse, R. (2004). Individual differences in self-regulation: Implications for childhood adjustment. In P. Philipot & R. Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Campbell, S.B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 113-149.
  • Campos, J., Campos, R., & Barrett, K. (1989). Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25, 394-402.
  • Chambers, J. C. (2005). Helping youth overcome trauma. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 14( 1). 20-23. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.library. drexel.edu/ehost
  • Coie, J. D., Lochman, J. E., Terry, R., & Hyman, C. (1992). Predicting early adolescent disorder from childhood aggression and peer rejection. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 783–792.
  • Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E. & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75(2), 317-333.
  • Dane, E. ve Olgun, N. (2016). Hemodiyaliz hastalarının psikolojik dayanıklılık durumları ve etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi Ocak- Haziran 1. Sayı.
  • Dass-Brailsford, P. (2005). Exploring resiliency: Academic achievement among disadvantaged black youth in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3), 574-591.
  • DeKlyen, M., Speltz, M.L. & Greenberg, M.T. (1998). Fathering and early onset conduct problems: Positive and negative parenting, father-son attachment, and the marital context. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 3-21.
  • Demirbaş, N. (2010). Yaşamda anlam ve yılmazlık. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü: Ankara.
  • Doll, E. A. (1941). The essentials of an ınclusive concept of mental deficiency, 46, 214-219.
  • Doll, E. A. (1953). Measurement of social competence: a manual fort he vineland social maturity scale. Minneapolis: Educational Publishers.
  • Eisenberg, N. & Harris, J. D. (1984). Social competence: a developmental perspective. School Psychology Review, 13, 267-277.
  • Felliti, V., Anda, R., Nordenberg, D. Williamson, D. Spitz, A., Edwards, V. & Marks. J. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
  • Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Higgit, A. & Target, M. (1994). The Emmanuel Miller Memorial Lecture: The Theory and Practice of Resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 231-257.
  • Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in Poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127-136.
  • Getzels, J. W. & Jackson, P. W. (1961). Creativity and intelligence. New York: Wiley.
  • Gilliom, M., Shaw, D., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A. & Lukon, J. L. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 222-235.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2004). Akademik sağlamlık: yoksulluk içindeki 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarına katkıda bulunan koruyucu faktörlerin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi: Ankara.
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  • Green , R. R.; Conrad, A. P. (2002). Basic Assumptions and Terms. In R. R. Green (Ed.) Resiliency. An Integrated Approach to practice, Policy and Research. (pp. 29-62). Washington D.C: Nacional Assocaition of Social Workers Press.
  • Goffin, S.G., ve Tull, C.Q. (1985). Problem solving: En¬couraging active learning. Young Children, 40, 28-32.
  • Güngörmüş, K., Okanlı, A. ve Kocabeyoğlu, T. (2015). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılıkları ve etkileyen faktörler. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi; 6(1): 9-14.
  • Gürgan, U. (2006). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık düzeyine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi: Ankara.
  • Hammen, C. (2003). Risk and protective factors for children of depressed parents. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.) Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp.50-75). New York, NY: Cambridge.
  • Kaner, S., Bayraklı H. ve Güzeller C.O. (2011). Anne-babaların yılmazlık algılarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 12(2) 63-78.
  • Karaırmak, Ö. (2007). Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeğinin Türkçe Versiyonunun Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliği: Travma Örnekleminde.
  • Karaırmak, Ö. (2007). Investigation of personal qualities contributing to psychological resilience among earthquake survivors: a model testing study. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü: Ankara.
  • Kararırmak, Ö. (2006). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 129-138.
  • Keenan, K. (2000). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for child psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 418-434.
  • Kobasa, S. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-11.
  • Kopp, C. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199-214.
  • Lazarus, A.A. (1973). On assertive behavior: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4(5), 697-699.
  • Levy, B. S. & Parker, D. (2000). Children and war. Public Health Reports, 115(A). 320-325. doi:10.1093/phr/l 15.4.320
  • Linblad-Goldberg, M., Dukes, J. L., Lasley, J. H. (1988). Stress in Black, low income, single parent families: Normative and dysfunctional patterns. American Journal of Orhtopsychiatry, 58, 104-120.
  • Luster, T., & McAdoo H. P. (1994). Factors related to the achievement and adjustment of young Children of African descent. Child Development, 65, 1080-1094.
  • Luthar, S.S., D-Avanzo, K. & Hites, S. (2003). In S. S. Luthar (Ed.) Resilience and vulnerability-.Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 104-129). New York, NY: Cambridge.
  • Mandara, J., Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Richards, M. H., & Ragsdale, B. L. (2009). The effects of changes in racial identity and self-esteem on changes in African American adolescents’ mental health. Child Development, 80, 1660–1675.
  • Mandleco, B. L.; Peery, J. C. (2000). An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 13 (3), 99-111.
  • Masten, A.S. (2001).Ordinary Magic. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 227-238.
  • Masten, A. S., Garmezy, N., Tellegen, A., Pellegrini, D. S., Larkin, K. & Larsen, A. (1988). Competence and stress in school children: The moderating effects of individual and family qualities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 29, 745-764.
  • McCabe, K. M., Clark, R., Barnett, D. (1999). Family protective factors among urban Youth of African descent. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(2), 137-150.
  • McLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R. & Borquez, J. (1994). Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development, 65, 562-589.
  • Mischel, W. & Ebbesen, E. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 329-337.
  • Mischel, W., Ebbesen, E. & Zeiss, A. (1972). Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 204-218.
  • Murry, VM, Brody, GH. (1999). Self-regulation and self-worth of Black children reared in economically stressed, rural, single motherheaded families: The contributions of risk and protective factors. Journal of Family Issues. 20:458–484.
  • Myers, H. F. (1989). Urban stress and mental health in Afro-American youth: An epidemiological and conceptual update. In R. Jones (Ed.), Black Adolescents (pp.123-152). Berkeley, CA: Cobb and Henry.
  • Nelson-Le Gall, S. (1985). Help-seeking behavior in learning. Review of Research in Education, 12, 55-90.
  • Odom, S.L. & McConnell, S.R. (1985). A performance-based conceptualization of social competence of handicapped preschool children: Implications for assessment. Topics in -Early Childhood Special Education, 4(4), 1-19.
  • Öğülmüş, S. (2001). Bir Kişilik Özelliği Olarak Yılmazlık. I. Ulusal Çocuk ve Suç Sempozyumu: Nedenler ve Önleme Çalışmaları. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Özcan, B. (2005). Annebabaları boşanmış ve annebabaları birlikte olan lise öğrencilerinin yılmazlık özellikleri ve koruyucu faktörler açısından karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Pease, D., Clark, S.G. & Crase, S.J. (1982). Iowa social competency scales and school-aae & preschool manual. Ames, Iowa: Department of Child Development Research Laboratories, Iowa State University.
  • Pervin, L. A. & John, O. P. (2001). Personality, theory and research, (Eighth Edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA.
  • Prince-Embury, S. & Saklofske, D. H. (2013). Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults: translating research into practice. New York: Springer.
  • Richardson, G.E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307-321. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 57, 316-331.
  • Sameroff, A. J. & Emde, R. (1989). Relationship disturbances in early childhood: A developmental approach. New York: Basic Books.
  • Saunders, B. E. (2003). Understanding children exposed to violence: Toward an integration of overlapping fields. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(4). 356-376. doi: 10.1177/0886260502250840
  • Shoda, Y., Mischel, W. & Peake, P. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and selfregulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification. Identifying diagnostic conditions. Developmental Psychology, 26, 978-986.
  • Soner, O. (1995). Aile uyumu, öğrenci özgüveni ve akademik başarı arasındaki İlişkiler. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Stifter, C. A. & Braungart, J. M. (1995). The regulation of negative reactivity in infancy: Function and development. Developmental Psychology, 31, 448-455.
  • Stoiber, K. C. & Good, B. (1998). Risk and resilience factors linked to problem behavior among urban , culturally diverse adolescents. School Psychology Review. 27, (3).
  • Shaw, D., Owens, E., Giovanelli, J. & Winslow, E. (2001). Infant and toddler pathways leading to early externalizing disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatrity, 40, 36-43.
  • Wasonga, T., Christman, D. E. & Kilmer, L. (2003). Etnicity, Gender and Age: Predicting resilience and academic achievement among urban high school students. American Secondary Education. 32(1), 62-74. Werner, E. E. & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Wright, M. O. D. & Masten, A. S. (2006). Resilience processes in development. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (ss. 17–37). New York: Springer Science+Busines Media, Inc.
  • Terzi, Ş. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinde kendini toparlama gücünün içsel koruyucu faktörlerle ilişkisi. Hacettepe Üniversite Eğitim Fakültesi, 35, 297-306.
  • Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of a definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development o f emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations, 59, 284-303, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Yüksel, Ç. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilerarası il¬işkilerinde yaşadıkları problemleri çözme becerilerinin belir¬lenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniver¬sitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(2), 64-70.
  • Zucker, R. A., Wong, M. M., Puttier, L. I. & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2003). Resilience and vulnerability among sons of alcoholics. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.) Resilience and vulnerability Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 76-103). New York, NY: Cambridge
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Büşra Şahan Aktan 0000-0002-9091-5401

Alev Önder 0000-0002-2736-4600

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahan Aktan, B., & Önder, A. (2018). Okul Öncesi Dönemde Psikolojik Dayanıklılık. Eğitim Kuram Ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 20-30.