Öz
Objective: Identifying the psychological traces of childhood traumas and learned negative life dynamics in adult life along with analyzing and treating mental trauma are important application areas of clinical forensic psychology. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the power of early maladaptive schema sub-dimensions in explaining feelings of anger and ways of expressing anger, in order to determine any differences according to gender, and to gather information about experiences of violence in young adult university students. Materials and Method: The study group of the research consisted of 200 university students in Ankara, 115 (57.5%) female and 85 (42.5%) male. The research was conducted face-to-face by giving the appropriate sampling test batteries in a sealed envelope using the random sampling method on a voluntary basis. Participants were subjected to Informed Consent Form, Demographic Information Form, and Young Schema Scale as well as Trait Anger-Anger Style Scale questions. Results: As a result of the regression analysis, it was observed that the predictors of trait anger were the excessive alertness schema area and the separation and exclusion schema area. The damaged autonomy, separation and exclusion, and damaged boundaries schema areas are schemas that predict controlled anger, and the predictors of expressed anger are impaired autonomy, separation and exclusion, and overalertness and suppression schema areas. It has been observed that the concepts that predict internal anger are borders damaged by exclusion and separation. According to independent samples t-test analysis, female students’ anger scores were found to be lower than male students. Separation and exclusion/rejection, damaged boundaries, hypervigilance, and suppression/inhibition schema scores were higher in females. In addition, as a result of the descriptive analysis of the participants, it was determined that the rates of self-harm, violence and suicide attempts were worthy of attention. Conclusion: It is thought that this study will contribute to the literature on the role of early maladaptive schema domains on anger expression. When trauma studies are analyzed from the perspective of cognition and emotions, it can be argued that the results obtained will support preventive studies in the fields of clinical and forensic psychology.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Harris AE, Lisa C. Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive therapy and research 2002;26(3):405-16. google scholar
- 2. Mcginn LK, Cukor D, Sanderson WC. The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression, does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2005;29(2):219-42. google scholar
- 3. Pinto-Gouveia, J. Early schemas and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2006;30(5):571-84. google scholar
- 4. Wright MO, Crawford E, Castillo D. Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students, the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Negl 2009;33(1):59-68. google scholar
- 5. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: The Guilford Press. A practitioner’s guide; 2017.p.65-70. google scholar
- 6. Björkdahl A. Violence prevention and management in acute psychiatric care aspects of nursing practice: Stockholm Univ. 2010. google scholar
- 7. Bj0rkly S. Psychological theories of aggression: principles and application to practice. Violence in mental health settings; 2006.p.27-46. google scholar
- 8. Bosmans G, Braet C, Van Vlierberghe L. Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link. Clin Psychol Psychother 2010;17(5):374-85. google scholar
- 9. Calvete E. Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse Negl 2014;38(4):735-46. google scholar
- 10. Whittington R, Richter D. From the Individual to the Interpersonal: Environment and Interaction in the Escalation of Violence in Mental Health Settings. D. Richter., R. Whittington (Eds), Springer. Violence in Mental Health Settings; 2006.p.53-5. google scholar
- 11. Blonigen DM, Krueger RF. Human quantitative genetics of aggression. In: Nelson RJ, editor. Biology of aggression. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.p.20-37. google scholar
- 12. LeDoux J. Duygusal Beyin (2. Baskı). (A. Uysal, Çev). Pegasus. Yayınları; 2006.p.20-35. google scholar
- 13. Contreras IM, Kosiak K, Hardin, KM, Novaco RW. Anger rumination in the context of high anger and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences; 2021.p.170-2. google scholar
- 14. Snyder J, Schrepferman L, Mceachem A, Deleeuw J. The contribution of child anger and fear and parental discipline to early antisocial behavior: An integrative model. M. Potegal, G. Stemmler., C. Spielberger (Eds.), International handbook of anger: Constituent and concomitant biological, psychological and social process. Springer Publishing; 2010.p.517-34. google scholar
- 15. Yıldırım F, Küçükgöncü S, Beştepe E. Erişkin unipolar depresyon örnekleminde çocukluk çağı istismar ve ihmal yaşantılarının intihar girişimi ile ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2014;51(1):133-40. google scholar
- 16. Welburn K, Corstine M, Dagg P. The schema questionnaire-short form, factor analysis and relationships between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2002;26(4): 519-30. google scholar
- 17. Kömürcü B. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, ebeveynlik biçimleri ve psikolojik belirtiler ile psikolojik dışlanmanın tehdit ettiği ihtiyaçlar arasındaki ilişkiler: Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Univ. 2014. google scholar
- 18. Dawson B, Trapp RG. Probability related topics for making inferences about data. Basic & Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd Edition, Lange medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, 2001. p.69-72. google scholar
- 19. Spielberger CD, Jacobs G, Russell S, Crane RS. Assessment of anger: The State Trait Anger Scale. In J. N. Butcher, C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Advances in personality assessment; 1983.p.159-87. google scholar
- 20. Young JE. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (3rd ed.). Professional Resource Press/ Professional Resource Exchange; 1999.p.50-70. google scholar
- 21. Karaosmanoğlu HA, Soygüt G, Kabul A. Psychometric properties of the turkish young compensation inventory. Clin Psychol Psychother 2013;20(2):171-9. google scholar
- 22. Briere J, Gil E. Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples, prevalence, correlates and functions. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1998;68(2):609-20. google scholar
- 23. Favazza AR, Conterio K. Female habitual selfmutilators. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;79(2):283-9. google scholar
- 24. Freedman JL, Sears DO. Selective exposure. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology; 1965;2:57-97. google scholar
- 25. Walsh C, Mcmillian LH, Jamieson E. The relationship between parental substance abuse and child maltreatment: Findings from the Ontario health supplement. Child Abuse Negl 2003;27(12):1409-25. google scholar
- 26. Kapçı EG, Hamamcı Z. Aile işlevi ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişki: erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolü, Klinik Psikiyatri 2010;13(3):127-36. google scholar
- 27. Battistich V. Character education, prevention and positive youth development. Character Education Partnership; 2005.p.2-8. google scholar
- 28. Joireman J. Empathy and the self- absorption paradox II: selfrumination and self-reflection as mediators between shame, guilt and empathy.Self and Identity 2004;3(3):225-38. google scholar
- 29. Kula T. Ergenlerde öfke duygusu; benlik algısı, tanrı algısı, suçluluk ve utanç duyguları açısından bir değerlendirme Diyarbakır Örneklemi: Ankara Univ. 2012. google scholar
- 30. Cecero JJ, Nelson JD, Gillie J.M. Tools and tenets of schema therapy: Toward the construct validity of the early maladaptive schema questionnaire-research version (EMSQ-R). Clin Psychol Psychother 2004;11(2):344-57. google scholar
- 31. Mccarthy MC, Lumley MN. Sources of emotional maltreatment and the differential development of unconditional and conditional schemas, Cognitive Behavior Therapy 2012;41(4):288-97. google scholar
- 32. Sukhodolsky DG, Golub A, Cromwell EN. Development and validation of the anger rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences 2001;31(5):689-700. google scholar
- 33. Myers IJ, Berliner L, Briere J, Hendrix CT, Reid T, et al.Treating adult survivors of severe childhood abuse and neglect: Further development of an integrative model. The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment, 2nd Edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 2002.p.p.50-65. google scholar
- 34. Kessler RC, Ustun B. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004;13(2):93-121. google scholar
- 35. Erdoğdu M, Şentürk G, Şatıroğlu ON. Bireysel olarak riskli gruplarda riskli alkol tüketimi, alkol kullanımının sağlığa etkisi, Adli Bilimler ve Suç Araştırmaları Dergisi 2021;3(1):91-101. google scholar
- 36. Lavoie J, Wyman J, Crossman AM, Talwar V. Meta-analysis of the effects of two interviewing practices on children’s disclosures of sensitive information: Rapport practices and question type. Child Abuse Neglect 2021;1(2):112-3. google scholar
- 37. Wood J, M Garven S. How sexual abuse interviews go astray: Implications for prosecutors, police, and child protection services. Child Maltreatment 2000; 5(2):109-18. google scholar
- 38. Cronch LE, Viljoen JL, Hansen DJ. Forensic interviewing in child sexual abuse cases: Current techniques and Future Directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2006;11(3):195-207. google scholar
- 39. Cyr M, Dion J, Gendron A, Powell M, Brubacher S. A test of three refresher modalities on child forensic interviewers’ posttraining performance. Psychology Public Policy and Law 2021;27(2):220-1. google scholar
- 40. Starner TM, Peters RM. Anger Expression and Blood Pressure in Adolescents. J Sch Nurs 2004;20(6):335-42. google scholar
- 41. Boman P. Gender Differences in School Anger. Int Edu J 2003;4(2):71-7. google scholar
- 42. Akse J, Hale Wwiii, Engels Rcme, Raaijmakers Qaw, Meeus Whj. Personality, perceived parental rejection and problem behavior in adolescence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004;39(1):980-8. google scholar
- 43. Yılmaz,DV, Zeyneloğlu, S, Kocaöz,S, Kısa,S, Taşkın,L, Eroğlu,K. Üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin görüşleri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 2009;6(1): 775-92. google scholar
- 44. Eldoğan D, Barışkın E. Erken dönem uyumsuz şema alanları ve sosyal fobi belirtileri: Duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolü var mı. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 2014;29(74):108-15. google scholar
Öz
Amaç: Çocukluk çağı travmaları ve öğrenilmiş olumsuz yaşam dinamiklerinin yetişkinlik yaşamındaki ruhsal izlerini belirlemek, ruhsal travmayı analiz ve tedavi etmek klinik adli psikolojinin önemli uygulama alanlarından biridir. Bu çalışmada genç yetişkin olan üniversite öğrencilerinde erken dönem uyumsuz şema alt boyutlarının öfke duygusu, öfkenin ifade ediliş biçimini açıklama gücünü ortaya koymak, cinsiyete göre farklılıkları belirlemek ve şiddet yaşantıları hakkında bilgi toplamak amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklemi Ankara ilindeki 115’i (%57,5) kadın, 85’i erkek (%42,5) olmak üzere toplamda 200 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada gönüllük esas alınıp rastgele örneklem yöntemi ile uygun örnekleme test bataryaları kapalı bir zarf içinde verilerek yüz yüze yapılmıştır. Katılımcılar, Bilgilendirilmiş Onam Formu, Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Young Şema Ölçeğinin yanı sıra Sürekli ÖfkeÖfke Tarz Ölçeğini tamamlamıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan regresyon analizleri sonucunda, sürekli öfkenin yordayıcısı olarak aşırı tetikte olma şema alanı ile ayrılma ve dışlanma şema alanı tespit edilmiştir Durumluk öfke yordayıcısının ise başkalarına yönelimlilik ile zedelenmiş sınırlar şema alanlarının olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Zedelenmiş özerklik, ayrılma ve dışlanma ile zedelenmiş sınırlar şema alanları kontrol altında tutulan öfkeyi yordayan şemalar olup, dışa vurulan öfkenin yordayıcısı zedelenmiş özerlik, ayrılma ve dışlanma ile aşırı tetikte olma ve baskılama şema alanları olmuştur. İçte tutulan öfkeyi yordayan kavramların ise dışlanma ve ayrılma ile zedelenen sınırlar olduğu görülmüştür. Bağımsız örneklemler t testi analizlerine göre kadın öğrencilerin öfke puanları erkek öğrencilerden daha düşük bulunmuştur. Ayrılma ve dışlanma/reddedilme, zedelenmiş sınırlar, aşırı tetikte olma ve baskılama/ketleme şema alan puanları ise kadınlarda daha yüksektir. Buna ek olarak, katılımcıların betimsel analizleri sonucunda kendine-başkalarına zarar verme, şiddet yaşantısı ve intihar girişim oranlarının dikkat çektiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın, erken dönem uyumsuz şema alanlarının öfke ifade ediş tarzı üzerindeki rolüne ilişkin alan yazına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Travma çalışmaları biliş ve duygular perspektifinden analiz edildiğinde, elde edilen sonuçların klinik ve adli psikoloji alanlarındaki önleyici çalışmalara destek olacağı ileri sürülebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Harris AE, Lisa C. Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive therapy and research 2002;26(3):405-16. google scholar
- 2. Mcginn LK, Cukor D, Sanderson WC. The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression, does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2005;29(2):219-42. google scholar
- 3. Pinto-Gouveia, J. Early schemas and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2006;30(5):571-84. google scholar
- 4. Wright MO, Crawford E, Castillo D. Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students, the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Negl 2009;33(1):59-68. google scholar
- 5. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: The Guilford Press. A practitioner’s guide; 2017.p.65-70. google scholar
- 6. Björkdahl A. Violence prevention and management in acute psychiatric care aspects of nursing practice: Stockholm Univ. 2010. google scholar
- 7. Bj0rkly S. Psychological theories of aggression: principles and application to practice. Violence in mental health settings; 2006.p.27-46. google scholar
- 8. Bosmans G, Braet C, Van Vlierberghe L. Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link. Clin Psychol Psychother 2010;17(5):374-85. google scholar
- 9. Calvete E. Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse Negl 2014;38(4):735-46. google scholar
- 10. Whittington R, Richter D. From the Individual to the Interpersonal: Environment and Interaction in the Escalation of Violence in Mental Health Settings. D. Richter., R. Whittington (Eds), Springer. Violence in Mental Health Settings; 2006.p.53-5. google scholar
- 11. Blonigen DM, Krueger RF. Human quantitative genetics of aggression. In: Nelson RJ, editor. Biology of aggression. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.p.20-37. google scholar
- 12. LeDoux J. Duygusal Beyin (2. Baskı). (A. Uysal, Çev). Pegasus. Yayınları; 2006.p.20-35. google scholar
- 13. Contreras IM, Kosiak K, Hardin, KM, Novaco RW. Anger rumination in the context of high anger and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences; 2021.p.170-2. google scholar
- 14. Snyder J, Schrepferman L, Mceachem A, Deleeuw J. The contribution of child anger and fear and parental discipline to early antisocial behavior: An integrative model. M. Potegal, G. Stemmler., C. Spielberger (Eds.), International handbook of anger: Constituent and concomitant biological, psychological and social process. Springer Publishing; 2010.p.517-34. google scholar
- 15. Yıldırım F, Küçükgöncü S, Beştepe E. Erişkin unipolar depresyon örnekleminde çocukluk çağı istismar ve ihmal yaşantılarının intihar girişimi ile ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2014;51(1):133-40. google scholar
- 16. Welburn K, Corstine M, Dagg P. The schema questionnaire-short form, factor analysis and relationships between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2002;26(4): 519-30. google scholar
- 17. Kömürcü B. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, ebeveynlik biçimleri ve psikolojik belirtiler ile psikolojik dışlanmanın tehdit ettiği ihtiyaçlar arasındaki ilişkiler: Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Univ. 2014. google scholar
- 18. Dawson B, Trapp RG. Probability related topics for making inferences about data. Basic & Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd Edition, Lange medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, 2001. p.69-72. google scholar
- 19. Spielberger CD, Jacobs G, Russell S, Crane RS. Assessment of anger: The State Trait Anger Scale. In J. N. Butcher, C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Advances in personality assessment; 1983.p.159-87. google scholar
- 20. Young JE. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (3rd ed.). Professional Resource Press/ Professional Resource Exchange; 1999.p.50-70. google scholar
- 21. Karaosmanoğlu HA, Soygüt G, Kabul A. Psychometric properties of the turkish young compensation inventory. Clin Psychol Psychother 2013;20(2):171-9. google scholar
- 22. Briere J, Gil E. Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples, prevalence, correlates and functions. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1998;68(2):609-20. google scholar
- 23. Favazza AR, Conterio K. Female habitual selfmutilators. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;79(2):283-9. google scholar
- 24. Freedman JL, Sears DO. Selective exposure. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology; 1965;2:57-97. google scholar
- 25. Walsh C, Mcmillian LH, Jamieson E. The relationship between parental substance abuse and child maltreatment: Findings from the Ontario health supplement. Child Abuse Negl 2003;27(12):1409-25. google scholar
- 26. Kapçı EG, Hamamcı Z. Aile işlevi ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişki: erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolü, Klinik Psikiyatri 2010;13(3):127-36. google scholar
- 27. Battistich V. Character education, prevention and positive youth development. Character Education Partnership; 2005.p.2-8. google scholar
- 28. Joireman J. Empathy and the self- absorption paradox II: selfrumination and self-reflection as mediators between shame, guilt and empathy.Self and Identity 2004;3(3):225-38. google scholar
- 29. Kula T. Ergenlerde öfke duygusu; benlik algısı, tanrı algısı, suçluluk ve utanç duyguları açısından bir değerlendirme Diyarbakır Örneklemi: Ankara Univ. 2012. google scholar
- 30. Cecero JJ, Nelson JD, Gillie J.M. Tools and tenets of schema therapy: Toward the construct validity of the early maladaptive schema questionnaire-research version (EMSQ-R). Clin Psychol Psychother 2004;11(2):344-57. google scholar
- 31. Mccarthy MC, Lumley MN. Sources of emotional maltreatment and the differential development of unconditional and conditional schemas, Cognitive Behavior Therapy 2012;41(4):288-97. google scholar
- 32. Sukhodolsky DG, Golub A, Cromwell EN. Development and validation of the anger rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences 2001;31(5):689-700. google scholar
- 33. Myers IJ, Berliner L, Briere J, Hendrix CT, Reid T, et al.Treating adult survivors of severe childhood abuse and neglect: Further development of an integrative model. The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment, 2nd Edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 2002.p.p.50-65. google scholar
- 34. Kessler RC, Ustun B. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004;13(2):93-121. google scholar
- 35. Erdoğdu M, Şentürk G, Şatıroğlu ON. Bireysel olarak riskli gruplarda riskli alkol tüketimi, alkol kullanımının sağlığa etkisi, Adli Bilimler ve Suç Araştırmaları Dergisi 2021;3(1):91-101. google scholar
- 36. Lavoie J, Wyman J, Crossman AM, Talwar V. Meta-analysis of the effects of two interviewing practices on children’s disclosures of sensitive information: Rapport practices and question type. Child Abuse Neglect 2021;1(2):112-3. google scholar
- 37. Wood J, M Garven S. How sexual abuse interviews go astray: Implications for prosecutors, police, and child protection services. Child Maltreatment 2000; 5(2):109-18. google scholar
- 38. Cronch LE, Viljoen JL, Hansen DJ. Forensic interviewing in child sexual abuse cases: Current techniques and Future Directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2006;11(3):195-207. google scholar
- 39. Cyr M, Dion J, Gendron A, Powell M, Brubacher S. A test of three refresher modalities on child forensic interviewers’ posttraining performance. Psychology Public Policy and Law 2021;27(2):220-1. google scholar
- 40. Starner TM, Peters RM. Anger Expression and Blood Pressure in Adolescents. J Sch Nurs 2004;20(6):335-42. google scholar
- 41. Boman P. Gender Differences in School Anger. Int Edu J 2003;4(2):71-7. google scholar
- 42. Akse J, Hale Wwiii, Engels Rcme, Raaijmakers Qaw, Meeus Whj. Personality, perceived parental rejection and problem behavior in adolescence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004;39(1):980-8. google scholar
- 43. Yılmaz,DV, Zeyneloğlu, S, Kocaöz,S, Kısa,S, Taşkın,L, Eroğlu,K. Üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin görüşleri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 2009;6(1): 775-92. google scholar
- 44. Eldoğan D, Barışkın E. Erken dönem uyumsuz şema alanları ve sosyal fobi belirtileri: Duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolü var mı. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 2014;29(74):108-15. google scholar
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Klinik Tıp Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Şubat 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 8 Eylül 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |
