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COVID-19 Aşı Tereddütü ve Aşı Yaptırmayan Bireylerin Negatif Tutum Algıları: Nitel Çalışma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 223 - 235, 23.08.2023

Zehra Su Topbaş Nuray Şimşek

https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1223382

Öz

Öz
Amaç: Dünyanın farklı yerlerinde oldukça yüksek sayıda kişinin COVID-19 aşılarına olumsuz baktığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle COVID-19 aşısına yönelik olası tereddüt ve red nedenlerinin araştırılmaya değer olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hararetli tartışmaların gündeme geldiği bu süreçte, COVID-19 aşısı yaptırmamış bireylerin çevrelerinden aldıkları tepkiler de bu çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmek istenmiştir.
Yöntem: Çalışma verileri Kasım 2021 ile Şubat 2022 tarihleri ​​arasında toplanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 14 katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler tümevarımsal tematik analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Yapılan analiz sonucunda katılımcıların COVID-19 aşılarını gereksiz, etkisiz ve/veya riskli buldukları tespit edilmiştir. Bazı katılımcılar, COVID-19 aşılarının daha büyük hedeflerin parçası olabileceğini belirtmiştir. Bununla birlikte bazı katılımcılar çevrelerinden baskı hissettiklerini ve olumsuz tutumlar algıladıklarını bildirmişlerdir.
Sonuç: Hastalık ve aşı konusunda doğru bilgi verilmesi, şeffaf olunması ve aşı yaptırmamış bireylere karşı empatik yaklaşım gösterilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vaccine hesitancy vaccine refusal vaccine acceptance COVID-19 vaccines qualitative study.

Kaynakça

  • Huang X, Wei F, Hu L, Wen L, Chen K. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Arch Iran Med 2020; 23(4):268-271.
  • World Health Organisation SAGE. Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. 2014[online]. Available at: https://www.asset-scienceinsociety.eu/sites/default/files/sage_working_group_revised_report_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf Accessed February 20, 2022.
  • Maria de los Santos OT, Maria Perez E, Antonio Onate T. Vaccines: Origin and evolution throughout history. J Vaccines Immuno 2022; 8(1).
  • Peretti-Watel P, Seror V, Cortaredona S, et al. A future vaccination campaign against COVID-19 at risk of vaccine hesitancy and politicisation. Lancet Enfekte Dis 2020;20(7).
  • Prickett K, Habibi H, Carr PA. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance in a Cohort of Diverse New Zealanders. SSRN Electron J 2021;14:100241
  • Robertson E, Reeve KS, Niedzwiedz CL, Moore J, Blake M, Green M, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:41-50.
  • Detoc M, Bruel S, Frappe P, Tardy B, Botelho-Nevers E, Gagneux-Brunon A. Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic. Vaccine 2020; 38(45):7002-7006.
  • Kourlaba G, Kourkouni E, Maistreli S, Tsopela CG, Molocha NM, Triantafyllou C, et al. Willingness of Greek general population to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Glob Heal Res Policy 2021;6:1-10.
  • Troiano G, Nardi A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health 2021; 194:245-251.
  • Salali GD, Uysal MS. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychol Med 2020; 1–3.
  • Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Al-Mahzoum K, Al-Haidar A, Taim D, et al. High rates of covid-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in jordan and kuwait among other arab countries. Vaccines 2021; 9(1):42.
  • Jiang X, Su MH, Hwang J, Lian R, Brauer M, Kim S, et al. Polarization Over Vaccination: Ideological Differences in Twitter Expression About COVID-19 Vaccine Favorability and Specific Hesitancy Concerns. Soc Media Soc 2021;7(3).
  • Karami A, Zhu M, Goldschmidt B, Boyajieff HR, Najafabadi MM. Covid-19 vaccine and social media in the u.S.: Exploring emotions and discussions on twitter. Vaccines 2021;9(10):1059.
  • Caplan S, Williams D, Yee N. Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Comput Human Behav 2009;25 (6): 1312-1319.
  • Kampf G. COVID-19: stigmatising the unvaccinated is not justified. Lancet 2021;398.
  • Marzo RR, Sami W, Alam MZ, Acharya S, Jermsittiparsert K, Songwathana K, et al. Hesitancy in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its associated factors among the general adult population: a cross-sectional study in six Southeast Asian countries. Trop Med Health 2022;50(4):1-10.
  • Ramonfaur D, Hinojosa-González DE, Rodriguez-Gomez GP, Iruegas-Nuñez DA, Flores-Villalba E. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in Mexico: A web-based nationwide survey. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Heal 2021; 45:e133.
  • Zakar R, Momina AU, Shahzad S, Hayee M, Shahzad R, Zakar MZ. COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy or Acceptance and Its Associated Factors: Findings from Post-Vaccination Cross-Sectional Survey from Punjab Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19(3):1305.
  • Yin RK. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish, Second Edition. New York:Guilford Press, 2016.
  • Creswell JW & Creswell D. Reserch Design Quslitative, Quantitative and Mixed methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications ,2018.
  • Miles MB, Huberman AM, Miles, MB & Huberman AM. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. California: SAGE Publications ,1994
  • Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3(2): 77-101.
  • Wonodi C, Obi-Jeff C, Adewumi F, Keluo-Udeke SC, Gur-Arie R, Krubiner C, et al. Conspiracy theories and misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria: Implications for vaccine demand generation communications. Vaccine 2022;40:2114–2121.
  • Eshel Y, Kimhi S, Marciano H, Adini B. Conspiracy claims and secret intentions as predictors of psychological coping and vaccine uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatr Res 2022;151:311–318.
  • Oleksy T, Wnuk A, Gambin M, Łyś A, Bargiel-Matusiewicz K, Pisula E. Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: Role of prosociality, authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality. A four-wave longitudinal study. Pers Individ Dif 2022;190:111524.
  • Moscardino U, Musso P, Inguglia C, Ceccon C, Miconi D, Rousseau C. Sociodemographic and psychological correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in the young adult population in Italy. Vaccine 2022;40(16):2379-2387.
  • Heyerdahl LW, Vray M, Lana B, Tvardik N, Gobat N, Wanat M, et al. Conditionality of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in European countries. Vaccine 2022; 40(9):1191-1197.
  • Dzieciolowska S, Hamel D, Gadio S, Dionne M, Gagnon D, Robitaille L, et al. Covid-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and refusal among Canadian healthcare workers: A multicenter survey. Am J Infect Control 2021;49:1152–1157.
  • Sturgis P, Brunton-Smith I, Jackson J. Trust in science, social consensus and vaccine confidence. Nat Hum Behav 2021;5:1528–1534.
  • Rosenstock IM. Why people use health services. Milbank Q 2005;83 (4):1-10.
  • Coe AB, Elliott MH, Gatewood SBS, Goode JVR, Moczygemba LR. Perceptions and predictors of intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Res Soc Adm Pharm 2022;18:2593–2599.
  • Griffin B, Conner M, Norman P. Applying an extended protection motivation theory to predict Covid-19 vaccination intentions and uptake in 50–64 year olds in the UK. Soc Sci Med 2022;298:114819.
  • Nusair MB, Arabyat R, Khasawneh R, Al-azzam S, Nusir AT, Alhayek MY. Assessment of the relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and vaccine acceptance: a cross-sectional study in Jordan. Hum Vaccines Immunother 2022; 18(1):2017734.
  • Viswanath K, Bekalu M, Dhawan D, Pinnamaneni R, Lang J, McLoud R. Individual and social determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. BMC Public Health 2021; 21(1): 818.
  • Hornsey MJ, Lobera J, Díaz-Catalán C. Vaccine hesitancy is strongly associated with distrust of conventional medicine, and only weakly associated with trust in alternative medicine. Soc Sci Med 2020; 255:113019
  • Edwards TL, Poling A. Motivating Operations and Negative Reinforcement. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43(4): 761–778.
  • Merkley E, Loewen PJ. Assessment of Communication Strategies for Mitigating COVID-19 Vaccine-Specific Hesitancy in Canada. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(9):e2126635.
  • Yu Y, Lau JTF, Lau MMC. Opposing mechanisms involving perceived benefits versus safety partially explained an increase in covid-19 vaccination intention among unvaccinated chinese adults during a post-rollout period: Results of two serial surveys. Vaccines 2021; 9 (12):1414.
  • Sirikalyanpaiboon M, Ousirimaneechai K, Phannajit J, Pitisuttithum P, Jantarabenjakul W, Chaiteerakij R, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and determinants among physicians in a university-based teaching hospital in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21(1): 1174.
  • Schwarzinger M, Watson V, Arwidson P, Alla F, Luchini S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a representative working-age population in France: a survey experiment based on vaccine characteristics. Lancet Public Heal 2021;6: e210- e221.
  • Ofei-Dodoo S, Kellerman R, Russell T. Family physicians’ perception of the new mrna covid-19 vaccines. J Am Board Fam Med 2021; 34(5):898-906.
  • Rosenthal S, Cummings CL. Influence of rapid COVID-19 vaccine development on vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine 2021; 39(52):7625-7632.
  • Wiley KE, Leask J, Attwell K, Helps C, Barclay L, Ward PR, et al. Stigmatized for standing up for my child: A qualitative study of non-vaccinating parents in Australia. SSM - Popul Heal 2021; 16:100926.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and negative attitudes perceived by individuals who do not accept COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 223 - 235, 23.08.2023

Zehra Su Topbaş Nuray Şimşek

https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1223382

Öz

Objective: It has been noted that in different parts of the world there are a considerable number of people who have a negative attitude to coronavirus vaccines. Therefore, the possible causes of hesitancy and rejection towards COVID-19 vaccine have been found to be worth investigating. In this process, where fierce discussions have been raised, perceptions of marginalization of unvaccinated individuals were also evaluated.

Methods: Study data were collected between November, 2021 and February, 2022. Participants were reached via social media. Within the scope of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 participants. Interviews were conducted online or face-to-face. The data were analyzed by the method of inductive thematic analysis.

Result: As a result of the analysis, it was found that the participants thought COVID-19 vaccines unnecessary, ineffective and/or risky. A number of participants have stated that COVID-19 vaccines may be part of larger goals. However, some participants reported that they felt pressure from their social environment and perceived negative attitudes.

Conclusion: Considering vaccines unnecessary, ineffective and risky results in refusal to be vaccinated. It is seen that some of the participants have perceived of marginalization. It is recommended to provide accurate information about the disease and vaccination, to be transparent and to show an empathetic approach to these individuals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vaccine hesitancy vaccine refusal vaccine acceptance COVID-19 vaccines qualitative study.

Kaynakça

  • Huang X, Wei F, Hu L, Wen L, Chen K. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Arch Iran Med 2020; 23(4):268-271.
  • World Health Organisation SAGE. Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. 2014[online]. Available at: https://www.asset-scienceinsociety.eu/sites/default/files/sage_working_group_revised_report_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf Accessed February 20, 2022.
  • Maria de los Santos OT, Maria Perez E, Antonio Onate T. Vaccines: Origin and evolution throughout history. J Vaccines Immuno 2022; 8(1).
  • Peretti-Watel P, Seror V, Cortaredona S, et al. A future vaccination campaign against COVID-19 at risk of vaccine hesitancy and politicisation. Lancet Enfekte Dis 2020;20(7).
  • Prickett K, Habibi H, Carr PA. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance in a Cohort of Diverse New Zealanders. SSRN Electron J 2021;14:100241
  • Robertson E, Reeve KS, Niedzwiedz CL, Moore J, Blake M, Green M, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:41-50.
  • Detoc M, Bruel S, Frappe P, Tardy B, Botelho-Nevers E, Gagneux-Brunon A. Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic. Vaccine 2020; 38(45):7002-7006.
  • Kourlaba G, Kourkouni E, Maistreli S, Tsopela CG, Molocha NM, Triantafyllou C, et al. Willingness of Greek general population to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Glob Heal Res Policy 2021;6:1-10.
  • Troiano G, Nardi A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health 2021; 194:245-251.
  • Salali GD, Uysal MS. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychol Med 2020; 1–3.
  • Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Al-Mahzoum K, Al-Haidar A, Taim D, et al. High rates of covid-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in jordan and kuwait among other arab countries. Vaccines 2021; 9(1):42.
  • Jiang X, Su MH, Hwang J, Lian R, Brauer M, Kim S, et al. Polarization Over Vaccination: Ideological Differences in Twitter Expression About COVID-19 Vaccine Favorability and Specific Hesitancy Concerns. Soc Media Soc 2021;7(3).
  • Karami A, Zhu M, Goldschmidt B, Boyajieff HR, Najafabadi MM. Covid-19 vaccine and social media in the u.S.: Exploring emotions and discussions on twitter. Vaccines 2021;9(10):1059.
  • Caplan S, Williams D, Yee N. Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Comput Human Behav 2009;25 (6): 1312-1319.
  • Kampf G. COVID-19: stigmatising the unvaccinated is not justified. Lancet 2021;398.
  • Marzo RR, Sami W, Alam MZ, Acharya S, Jermsittiparsert K, Songwathana K, et al. Hesitancy in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its associated factors among the general adult population: a cross-sectional study in six Southeast Asian countries. Trop Med Health 2022;50(4):1-10.
  • Ramonfaur D, Hinojosa-González DE, Rodriguez-Gomez GP, Iruegas-Nuñez DA, Flores-Villalba E. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in Mexico: A web-based nationwide survey. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Heal 2021; 45:e133.
  • Zakar R, Momina AU, Shahzad S, Hayee M, Shahzad R, Zakar MZ. COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy or Acceptance and Its Associated Factors: Findings from Post-Vaccination Cross-Sectional Survey from Punjab Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19(3):1305.
  • Yin RK. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish, Second Edition. New York:Guilford Press, 2016.
  • Creswell JW & Creswell D. Reserch Design Quslitative, Quantitative and Mixed methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications ,2018.
  • Miles MB, Huberman AM, Miles, MB & Huberman AM. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. California: SAGE Publications ,1994
  • Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3(2): 77-101.
  • Wonodi C, Obi-Jeff C, Adewumi F, Keluo-Udeke SC, Gur-Arie R, Krubiner C, et al. Conspiracy theories and misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria: Implications for vaccine demand generation communications. Vaccine 2022;40:2114–2121.
  • Eshel Y, Kimhi S, Marciano H, Adini B. Conspiracy claims and secret intentions as predictors of psychological coping and vaccine uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatr Res 2022;151:311–318.
  • Oleksy T, Wnuk A, Gambin M, Łyś A, Bargiel-Matusiewicz K, Pisula E. Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: Role of prosociality, authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality. A four-wave longitudinal study. Pers Individ Dif 2022;190:111524.
  • Moscardino U, Musso P, Inguglia C, Ceccon C, Miconi D, Rousseau C. Sociodemographic and psychological correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in the young adult population in Italy. Vaccine 2022;40(16):2379-2387.
  • Heyerdahl LW, Vray M, Lana B, Tvardik N, Gobat N, Wanat M, et al. Conditionality of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in European countries. Vaccine 2022; 40(9):1191-1197.
  • Dzieciolowska S, Hamel D, Gadio S, Dionne M, Gagnon D, Robitaille L, et al. Covid-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and refusal among Canadian healthcare workers: A multicenter survey. Am J Infect Control 2021;49:1152–1157.
  • Sturgis P, Brunton-Smith I, Jackson J. Trust in science, social consensus and vaccine confidence. Nat Hum Behav 2021;5:1528–1534.
  • Rosenstock IM. Why people use health services. Milbank Q 2005;83 (4):1-10.
  • Coe AB, Elliott MH, Gatewood SBS, Goode JVR, Moczygemba LR. Perceptions and predictors of intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Res Soc Adm Pharm 2022;18:2593–2599.
  • Griffin B, Conner M, Norman P. Applying an extended protection motivation theory to predict Covid-19 vaccination intentions and uptake in 50–64 year olds in the UK. Soc Sci Med 2022;298:114819.
  • Nusair MB, Arabyat R, Khasawneh R, Al-azzam S, Nusir AT, Alhayek MY. Assessment of the relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and vaccine acceptance: a cross-sectional study in Jordan. Hum Vaccines Immunother 2022; 18(1):2017734.
  • Viswanath K, Bekalu M, Dhawan D, Pinnamaneni R, Lang J, McLoud R. Individual and social determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. BMC Public Health 2021; 21(1): 818.
  • Hornsey MJ, Lobera J, Díaz-Catalán C. Vaccine hesitancy is strongly associated with distrust of conventional medicine, and only weakly associated with trust in alternative medicine. Soc Sci Med 2020; 255:113019
  • Edwards TL, Poling A. Motivating Operations and Negative Reinforcement. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43(4): 761–778.
  • Merkley E, Loewen PJ. Assessment of Communication Strategies for Mitigating COVID-19 Vaccine-Specific Hesitancy in Canada. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(9):e2126635.
  • Yu Y, Lau JTF, Lau MMC. Opposing mechanisms involving perceived benefits versus safety partially explained an increase in covid-19 vaccination intention among unvaccinated chinese adults during a post-rollout period: Results of two serial surveys. Vaccines 2021; 9 (12):1414.
  • Sirikalyanpaiboon M, Ousirimaneechai K, Phannajit J, Pitisuttithum P, Jantarabenjakul W, Chaiteerakij R, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and determinants among physicians in a university-based teaching hospital in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21(1): 1174.
  • Schwarzinger M, Watson V, Arwidson P, Alla F, Luchini S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a representative working-age population in France: a survey experiment based on vaccine characteristics. Lancet Public Heal 2021;6: e210- e221.
  • Ofei-Dodoo S, Kellerman R, Russell T. Family physicians’ perception of the new mrna covid-19 vaccines. J Am Board Fam Med 2021; 34(5):898-906.
  • Rosenthal S, Cummings CL. Influence of rapid COVID-19 vaccine development on vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine 2021; 39(52):7625-7632.
  • Wiley KE, Leask J, Attwell K, Helps C, Barclay L, Ward PR, et al. Stigmatized for standing up for my child: A qualitative study of non-vaccinating parents in Australia. SSM - Popul Heal 2021; 16:100926.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zehra Su Topbaş 0000-0001-7211-9850

Nuray Şimşek 0000-0003-2325-791X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 20 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Su Topbaş, Z., & Şimşek, N. (2023). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and negative attitudes perceived by individuals who do not accept COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 21(2), 223-235. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1223382
AMA Su Topbaş Z, Şimşek N. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and negative attitudes perceived by individuals who do not accept COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study. TJPH. Ağustos 2023;21(2):223-235. doi:10.20518/tjph.1223382
Chicago Su Topbaş, Zehra, ve Nuray Şimşek. “COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Negative Attitudes Perceived by Individuals Who Do Not Accept COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 21, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 223-35. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1223382.
EndNote Su Topbaş Z, Şimşek N (01 Ağustos 2023) COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and negative attitudes perceived by individuals who do not accept COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study. Turkish Journal of Public Health 21 2 223–235.
IEEE Z. Su Topbaş ve N. Şimşek, “COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and negative attitudes perceived by individuals who do not accept COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study”, TJPH, c. 21, sy. 2, ss. 223–235, 2023, doi: 10.20518/tjph.1223382.
ISNAD Su Topbaş, Zehra - Şimşek, Nuray. “COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Negative Attitudes Perceived by Individuals Who Do Not Accept COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 21/2 (Ağustos 2023), 223-235. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1223382.
JAMA Su Topbaş Z, Şimşek N. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and negative attitudes perceived by individuals who do not accept COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study. TJPH. 2023;21:223–235.
MLA Su Topbaş, Zehra ve Nuray Şimşek. “COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Negative Attitudes Perceived by Individuals Who Do Not Accept COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, c. 21, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 223-35, doi:10.20518/tjph.1223382.
Vancouver Su Topbaş Z, Şimşek N. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and negative attitudes perceived by individuals who do not accept COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study. TJPH. 2023;21(2):223-35.
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